Widerstandsprofile
Einleitung
Um eine erfolgreiche Kultur des Widerstandes gegen moderne Umwelt- und soziale Gerechtigkeitskrisen aufzubauen, müssen wir lernen, was für andere Gruppen funktioniert hat und was nicht. Die nachstehenden Widerstandsprofile bieten eine Einführung, mit Verweisen auf weitere Ressourcen, auf verschiedene Ansätze vieler Widerstandsgruppen der Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, mit einem breiten Spektrum an Zielen, Strategien, Taktiken, Organisationsweisen und Effektivität.
Um den Unterschied zwischen Strategie und Taktik zu verstehen, lesen Sie bitte den {}Strategischer Widerstand{} Auszug aus dem Buch {}Deep Green Resistance{}. Wir haben die folgenden Beispiele für ihren illustrativen und erzieherischen Wert ausgewählt. Die Aufnahme einer Gruppe oder Kampagne bedeutet nicht, dass Deep Green Resistance ihre Ziele, Strategien oder Taktiken unterstützt.
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Nachrichten über aktuelle Angriffe auf die Infrastruktur finden Sie in unserem {}Untergrund Aktions Kalender{}.
Widerstandsprofile
Klicken Sie auf eine Spalte, um die Gruppen nach dieser Spalte zu sortieren, oder geben Sie ein Wort in das Suchfeld ein, um die Angebote zu filtern.
Name | Wann Aktiv | Wo Aktiv | AG/UG | Erfolg | Ziel | Strategie | Taktik | Organisation | Über- oder Untergrund | Sicherheit | Personalwerbung | Effektivität | Zukünftiges Lernen | Bild | ||
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Name | Wann Aktiv | Wo Aktiv | AG/UG | Erfolg | Ziel | Strategie | Taktik | Organisation | Über- oder Untergrund | Sicherheit | Personalwerbung | Effektivität | Zukünftiges Lernen | Bild | ||
Naxalites |
1967 - verfügbar | Zentralindien | Untergrund | Mittel | Land und Macht vom Staat und den Konzernen an die landlosen Armen umzuverteilen, basierend auf maoistischen Prinzipien. | Langwieriger bewaffneter Kampf | Attentate und Hinterhalte. Sabotage und Vernichtung von Kraftwerken, Schulen, Telefon- und Bahnlinien | Untergrund basierend auf einer hierarchischen Struktur im militärischen Stil mit Zellen im Untergrund, die in verschiedenen Regionen operieren. Naxalite Dörfer, die auf der Demokratie der Menschen basieren und über Gerichts- und Steuererhebungssysteme, Strafverfolgungsbehörden, Schulen und Gesundheitsfürsorge verfügen. | Meist im Untergrund und in jüngster Zeit öffendliche politische Mitwirkung durch die Kommunistische Partei Indiens". |
Sie operieren und rekrutieren meist in abgelegenen Gebieten. |
Hauptsächlich von indigenen ländlichen Armen, die in ressourcenreichen Gebieten und marginalisierten Gruppen wie den Dalits (Unberührbaren) leben. Installieren der notwendigen Infrastruktur, um den armen Dörfern zu helfen und ihre Gunst zu gewinnen. Stärkung und Schutz von Frauen, die von der Mainstream-Kultur unterdrückt werden. |
Sie kontrollieren derzeit schätzungsweise ein Fünftel der indischen Wälder, sie sind in 16 der 28 indischen Bundesstaaten aktiv, die der indische Premierminister 2006 als die größte Herausforderung für die innere Sicherheit bezeichnet hat, der Indien je gegenüberstand. |
Indiens Naxaliten bleiben eine Kraft, mit der man rechnen muss. Die große Frage: Wer sind die Naxaliten und werden sie die indische Regierung stürzen? FSRN Dokumentarfilm Maoist India: Die Suche nach wirtschaftlicher Gerechtigkeit Rote Sonne: Reisen in Naxalite Country von Sudeep Chakravarti |
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Grüne Angst beobachten |
2002 - vorhanden | US | Öffendlichkeit | Niedrig | Um zu verhindern, dass die US-Regierung Umweltaktivisten als Terroristen bestraft. | Zur Sensibilisierung der Öffentlichkeit für die Situation und um Druck auf die US-Regierung auszuüben. | Um über alle diskriminierenden Aktionen gegen Aktivisten auf dem Laufenden zu bleiben und sie durch Medien, Demonstrationen und öffentliche Vorträge bekannt zu machen. | Will Potter hat eine aktive Website, die im Mittelpunkt der Organisation zu stehen scheint. | Öffendlichkeit | Keine Sicherheit erforderlich | Mundpropaganda, Vorträge, Websites | Das Bewusstsein wurde geschärft, aber dies hat sich als unwirksam erwiesen, wenn es darum geht die gerichtlichen Strafen für Aktivisten, die keine Reue für ihre Handlungen zeigen, zu verringern. |
Grün ist das neue Rot Grün ist das neue Rot: Ein Insiderbericht über eine soziale Bewegung unter Belagerung durch Will Potter |
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Bauernaufstand |
1381 | England | Öffendlichkeit | Mittel | Die Abschaffung feudaler Pflichten (Leibeigenschaft) und die daraus resultierende ökonomische/soziale Ungerechtigkeit | Druck auf die Regierung ausüben, um das Gesetz bezüglich der Leibeigenschaft (fast Sklaverei) durch Morde, Steuerverweigerung und Eigentumsvernichtung zu ändern. |
Weigerung, Steuern zu zahlen (Kopfsteuer) und Aufruhr, wenn Beamte versuchten, die Steuern einzutreiben. Organisiert in Gruppen aus verschiedenen Gegenden und marschierten nach London, ermutigt durch die Lehren von John Ball und geleitet von Wat Tyler. In London verhandelten sie mit König Richard II. und verschiedenen Mitgliedern des Royal Council über Gesetzesreformen. Ihre Anfrage wurde nicht angemessen beantwortet, und die Gruppe verwüstete Sabotagegefängnisse, Regierungsgebäude (einschließlich des Tower of London) und ermordete gezielt mehrere Mitglieder des Royal Council. |
Gruppen von lokalen Bauern, die von charismatischen Führern geführt werden. | Öffendlich - Aktionen der Beteiligten waren sichtbar und nicht anonym. | Keine, nachdem der Aufstand begonnen hatte. | Gruppen von Bauern wurden durch ihre wirtschaftliche Lage und Wut auf den Königsrat vereinigt. Die Gruppen wurden aus verschiedenen Bereichen koordiniert, aber es gibt keine Hinweise auf eine aktive Rekrutierung. | Kurzfristig wurde die Revolte niedergeschlagen, die meisten Forderungen abgelehnt, erste Zugeständnisse widerrufen und viele Beteiligte später hingerichtet. Langfristig wird davon ausgegangen, dass durch die Aktionen derjenigen in der Revolte die zum Ende des Feudalismus beitrugen, die Landbesitzer und die Regierung erschreckt haben, später die Bauern dann mit mehr Respekt behandelt und das Ende der verhassten Kopfsteuer eingeleitet wurde. |
Der Bauernaufstand 1381 Der Bauernaufstand von 1381 Der Bauernaufstand von 1381 von R. B. Dobson |
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ETA (Baskische Separatisten) |
1959 - 2012 | Region Baskenland - Spanien in Frankreich | Beide, mit Firewall | Mittel | Ein vollständig unabhängiger Baskenstaat | Aktion-Repressions-Aktion: Durch Angriffe auf die spanische Polizei und das Militär würde die ETA die spanische Regierung zwingen, als Reaktion darauf zu überreagieren, was zu einer noch größeren Unterstützung durch die baskische Öffentlichkeit führen würde. | Bankraub, Geiseldiebstahl und Diebstahl aus Arsenalen oder Fabriken, um Geld, Waffen und Sprengstoff zu beschaffen. Entführung und Ermordung von Polizei, Militär und Politikern in den ersten Jahren, später Bombardierung von öffentlichen Plätzen sowie Angriffe auf Journalisten, Unternehmen und Geschäftsleute. | Im Untergrund und öffentlich mit einer Firewall dazwischen. Der Untergrund bestand aus einer hierarchischen militärischen Zellstruktur von 3 - 5 Mitgliedern, die im Geheimen operierten und von anderen Zellen abgeschnitten waren. Die Zellen nahmen Direktiven durch eine Reihe von Verbindungen auf, die zu einem Exekutivkomitee im Heiligtum von Frankreich führten. | Meist im Untergrund mit öffentlicher politischer Repräsentation in Form der Batasuna-Partei, die später wegen Verbindungen zur ETA verboten wurde. | Die Organisationsstruktur der ETA bot Sicherheit für Mitglieder, die oft von spanischen Sicherheitsdiensten gefoltert wurden, die versuchten Informationen zu sammeln. Viele Mitglieder genossen jahrelang Schutz vor spanischen Sicherheitsdiensten, indem sie sich über die Grenze in Frankreich niederließen. | Meistens von Menschen, die direkte Erfahrungen mit staatlicher Repression gemacht haben, und ihren Verwandten und Freunden. Es wird auch spekuliert, dass die ETA aus Studentengruppen rekrutiert wurde, aber die Details sind vage. | Die Ermordung von Luis Carrero Blanco, Francos offensichtlichem Erbe, durch die ETA hat die Diktatur effektiv beendet und den Weg zur Demokratie geebnet. Ihre militante Bedrohung beeinflusste in den 1970er Jahren die politischen Verhandlungen nach Franco stark und führte zum "State of Autonomies". Ab den 1980er Jahren erzielte die ETA jedoch kaum noch greifbare politische Erfolge. Sie verloren fast alle öffentliche Unterstützung für ihre brutale Taktik und für ihr letztendliches Ziel der vollen Staatlichkeit. Dennoch erreichte die baskische Region eine Autonomie, wie sie in Spanien sonst nirgendwo zu finden ist, einschließlich der Fähigkeit, ihre eigenen Steuern einzusammeln und zu verteilen und ihre eigene Polizei zu ernennen. |
Das Fortbestehen des nationalistischen Terrorismus: der Fall der ETA Der Aufstieg und Fall der ETA Insider Story: Der Kampf der ETA für ein Heimatland |
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Hindustanische Sozialistische Republikanische Vereinigung |
1928-1932 | Nordindien | Beide | Mittel | Um die koloniale britische Herrschaft zu beenden und eine Bundesrepublik der Vereinigten Staaten von Indien zu gründen. | Die Ermöglichung einer bewaffneten Revolution, die einen Kampf der Massen um die Errichtung der "Diktatur des Proletariats" und die Verbannung der "Parasiten vom Sitz der politischen Macht" beinhaltet. | Attentate. Symbolische Bombenanschläge, um die Öffentlichkeit zu gewinnen. Verteilung von Flugblättern und Büchern an die Öffentlichkeit. Bewaffneter Raubüberfall auf Regierungszüge. Freiwillige Verhaftung mit bekannter Bestrafung durch Erhängen und Verbleibens in Hungerstreiks. | Basierend auf sozialistischen Prinzipien innerhalb einer einzigen Zelle | Die Hindustan Socialist Republican Association war öffendlich und beschäftigte sich mit Public Relations, während sich der militante Flügel der Hindustan Socialist Republican Army auf den bewaffneten Kampf konzentrierte. | Geheime Treffen und Nutzung sicherer Häuser | Sie haben nicht direkt außerhalb dem Kreis ihrer ursprünglich bekannten Mitglieder rekrutiert. | Die Organisation endete mit der Mehrheit der Mitglieder, die gehängt oder inhaftiert wurden. Die letzte Runde der Hinrichtungen, zu denen auch die von Bhagat Singh gehörte, führte zu Tausenden von Jugendlichen in Regionen um Nordindien, die aus Protest gegen die Briten und auch gegen die Gleichgültigkeit des Kongresses randalierten. Es wird auch angenommen, dass die Aktionen der HSRA aber Druck auf die britische Regierung ausübten, mit dem liberaleren indischen Nationalkongress (unter der Leitung von Gandhi) zu verhandeln und sich teilweise aus Indien zurückzuziehen. |
Die Legende von Bhagat Singh (2004)
Bhagat Singh: Ein unsterbliche indischer Revolutionär by Bhawan Singh Rana |
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Untergrundbahn |
1790 - 1870 | USA, Kanada, & Mexiko | Untergrund | Mittel | Um afro-amerikanische Sklaven zu befreien | Um zu organisieren, dass entflohene Sklaven in Staaten und Länder die gegen Sklaverei sind reisen können. | Quäker entwickelten unter anderem die Untergrundbahn - ein Transportmittel über geheime Transportwege und sichere Häuser nach British North America (Kanada), Mexiko oder Florida (damals eine spanische Kolonie). | Bestand hauptsächlich aus Quäkern, frei geborenen Schwarzen, weißen Sklavereigegnern und Mitgliedern anderer kirchlicher Organisationen, die in kleinen Zellen operierten. Bis 1850 waren schätzungsweise 3.000 Menschen an der Untergrundbahn beteiligt. | Untergrund | Codes wurden auf der Grundlage einer Eisenbahn verwendet, z.B. Führer → Leiter, sichere Häuser → Stationen, entflohene Sklaven → Passagiere oder Fracht. Jede Zelle von Helfern, die auf einer "need to know"-Basis operiert, kennt nur ihren Teil des Netzwerks und weiß, wie man Sklaven zum nächsten sicheren Haus transportiert. Die Routen wurden häufig geändert, oft auch indirekt. | Meistens durch Mundpropaganda und durch Amtsträger in Kirchen unter frei geborenen Schwarzen und weißen Sklavereigegnern. | Auf dem Höhepunkt im Jahr 1850 flohen etwa 1000 Sklaven pro Jahr durch die Untergrundbahn. Obwohl dies eine relativ geringe Zahl im Vergleich zur jährlichen Einfuhr neuer Sklaven war, war die psychologische Wirkung auf Sklavenhalter groß. Die Sklaverei wurde offiziell in allen US-Bundesstaaten nach dem Bürgerkrieg abgeschafft und die Dreizehnte Änderung wurde der Verfassung hinzugefügt. |
Die Untergrundbahn auf PBS. Die Untergrund Bahn (Komplette Doumentation) Die Untergrundbahn: Eine Aufzeichnung von Fakten, authentischen Erzählungen, Briefen. Über die Härten, haarbreiten Fluchtwege und den Todeskampf sprechend von William Still Unspoken: Eine Geschichte von der Untergrundbahn von Henry Cole |
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Gesellschaft der Weißen Rose |
1942 (Juni) - 1943 (Februar) | Deutschland - München | Untergrund | Niedrig | Um dem Naziregime zu widerstehen | Information und Überzeugungsarbeit für Wissenschaftler, Mediziner, Studenten und Gastwirte. | Propaganda. Sie druckten und verteilten heimlich 6 Broschüren, die aus intellektueller Sicht die Übel des Nationalsozialismus und die Verteidigung der Juden diskutierten. Sie haben auch öffentliche Graffitis aufgestellt, die Hitler kritisieren. | Enger Freundeskreis in der Studentenwohngemeinschaft der Universität München | Untergrund | Einzelne Geheimzelle | In den Broschüren wurden die Empfänger aufgefordert, Broschüren zu kopieren und zu verteilen. |
3 Mitglieder wurden im Februar 1943 per Guillotine hingerichtet, zwei weitere im Juli 1943 und ein weiterer im Oktober 1943. Verbleibende Mitglieder wurden für 6 Monate - 10 Jahre ins Gefängnis gesteckt. Das letzte Flugblatt wurde an die Alliierten verteilt, die Millionen davon über Deutschland in die Luft geworfen haben. Obwohl sie den Verlauf des Krieges nicht verändert haben, werden die Mitglieder bundesweit als Märtyrer anerkannt, werden Straßen und Plätze nach ihnen benannt, sie erscheinen auf Briefmarken und stehen als Symbol für einen gewaltfreien Einsatz für Freiheit. |
Die Weisse Rose (1982, Deutsch) Sophie Scholl: Die letzten Tage (2005) Die Weisse Rose von Inge Scholl (1970) Ein edler Verrat von Richard Hanser (1979) Eine ehrenvolle Niederlage von Anton Gill (1994) |
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Die Ludditen |
1811 - 1817 | Mittelengland | Untergrund | Mittel | Sicherung von Arbeitsplätzen und einem existenzsichernden Lohn für die Arbeiterklasse und Beseitigung unmenschlicher Arbeitsbedingungen in Fabriken und Mühlen. | Zunächst, um die Regierung zu beeinflussen, um das Gesetz durchzusetzen. Wenn dies nicht möglich war, dann war es für die Fabrikanten unrentabel oder unsicher, neue Technologien einzusetzen, die die Arbeitsbedingungen der Arbeitnehmer beeinträchtigen. |
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Unabhängige Untergrundzellen, die ohne Führer funktionierten. Nicht-hierarchisch. Teil von und daher von den lokalen Gemeinschaften unterstützt. | Untergrund | Untergrundzellen mit neuen Mitgliedern, die beim Beitritt Geheimhaltungsgelübde ablegen. Gefangene Mitglieder würden sich auf ihren mythischen Führer General oder König Ludd beziehen. Da es keine solche Person gab, war es für die Behörden schwierig, von den gefangenen Mitgliedern viel über sie zu erfahren. | Mundpropaganda unter Arbeitern und Freunden |
Sie zerstörten 200 Strumpfrahmenmaschinen in einem Zeitraum von 3 Wochen, wobei Angriffe nächtlich stattfanden. Es gelang ihnen, das Lohnniveau wiederherzustellen und die Fabrikanten davon abzuhalten, einige der Maschinen zu benutzen, aber nur für kurze Zeit. Die Regierung ergriff 1812 Maßnahmen, indem sie den Frame Breaking Act verabschiedete, um die Maschinenzerstörung zu einer Kapitalverbrechen zu machen, und 12.000 Militärs wurden in Gebiete gerufen, in denen Ludditen aktiv waren. Die dramatische Reaktion der Regierung deutet darauf hin, dass die Aktionen der Ludditen wirksam waren. Im Sommer 1812 wurden 8 Männer in Lancashire gehängt und 13 nach Australien transportiert, während weitere 15 in York hingerichtet wurden. |
Die Ludditen (1988) Die Rebellion der Ludditen von Brian J. Bailey Land des verlorenen Inhalts: Die Ludditenrevolte, 1812 von Robert Reid |
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Suffragetten |
1903 - 1928 | England | Beide | Hoch | Änderung der Gesetzgebung, um Frauen das Wählen und Kandidieren für das Wahlamt zu ermöglichen. | Druck auf die Politiker ausüben, um das Gesetz zu ändern. |
In grober chronologischer Reihenfolge:
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Durch über 90 öffentliche Stellen in ganz Großbritannien. | Vorwiegend öffentlich mit Untergrundzellen | Die Sicherheitsbehörden schienen ziemlich entspannt zu sein, da die Mitglieder oft verhaftet werden wollten, um die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Ursache zu lenken. Die Büros waren öffentlich bekannt und wurden von der Polizei durchsucht. | Verteilen von Flugblättern, regelmäßige öffentliche Treffen, Demonstrationen und Tragen von Gruppenfarben in lila, weiß und grün. | Sie erreichten schließlich 1928 ihr Ziel, gleiche Stimmrechte für Frauen zu erreichen. |
Die Suffragette - Lern Seite für Geschichte Suffragette: Meine Eigene Geschichte von Emmeline Pankhurst Sylvia Pankhurst: Die Rebellische Suffragette von Shirley Harrison Die Militanten Suffragetten von Antonia Raeburn |
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Tibetische Unabhängigkeitsbewegung - Chushi Gangdruk Guerilla Armee |
1958 - 1974 | Tibet | Untergrund | Niedrig | Politische und soziale Unabhängigkeit von China. Ein Ende der völkermörderischen Praktiken wie Bevölkerungstransfer, Völkermord und Zwangsarbeitslager. Widerstand gegen Umweltzerstörung wie Bergbau, Ansiedlung von Militärstandorten, Überjagung und Giftmülldeponien. | Machen Sie die Besetzung untragbar durch gewalttätige Angriffe auf chinesisches Militär- und Polizeipersonal, Außenposten und Ressourcen. | Sabotage, Guerilla-Kriegsführung, Hinterhalte bei Patrouillen, Vergeltungsmaßnahmen gegen Kollaborateure | Er erhielt von der CIA bis in die 1960er Jahre 17 Millionen US-Dollar an Hilfe. Sie waren in einer traditionellen Militärhierarchie organisiert, mit etwa 10.000 Kämpfern auf ihrem Höhepunkt. | Untergrund | Volle militärische Sicherheitsoperation. Verschlüsselte Funkkommunikation, begrenzte Weitverkehrskommunikation. Unterstützt durch die Arbeit in Berggebieten an den internationalen Grenzen mit wohlwollenden Staaten. | Die CIA hat eine begrenzte Anzahl von Auszubildenden in Colorado ausgebildet. Es wurden hauptsächlich wütende, antichinesische Tibeter angeworben. | Weitgehend unwirksam. Unzureichende Versorgung, Ausbildung und Führung. Eine schlechte Zielauswahl. Weitestgehend übertroffen von chinesischen Militäreinheiten. Keine kohärente Strategie zur Besiegung der kolonialen Besatzung. | Tibet's Vergessene Helden: Die Geschichte des bewaffneten Widerstandes gegen China von Birgit Van de Wijer |
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Tibetische Unabhängigkeitsbewegung - "Mittlerer Weg". |
1987 - heute | Tibet | Öffendlichkeit | Niedrig | Ein Ende der völkermörderischen Praktiken wie Bevölkerungstransfer, Völkermord und Zwangsarbeitslager. Widerstand gegen Umweltzerstörung wie Bergbau, Ansiedlung von Militärstandorten, Überjagung und Giftmülldeponien. | Ausübung diplomatischen und internationalen öffentlichen Drucks auf China, sich aus Tibet zurückzuziehen. | Internationale Interessenvertretung, Vereinte Nationen, Appell an die Moral | Religiöse Hierarchie um den Dalai Lama herum. Moderater, versöhnlicher Ansatz, der keine vollständige Unabhängigkeit erfordert. | Öffendlichkeit | Hauptsächlich außerhalb des besetzten Tibet tätig. | Arbeitet hauptsächlich mit moderaten und religiösen Kräften und Regierungen weltweit. | Einige Erfolge bei der Sensibilisierung. Weitgehend unwirksam bei sich ändernden Rahmenbedingungen. | Tibet's Vergessene Helden: Die Geschichte des bewaffneten Widerstandes gegen China von Birgit Van de Wijer |
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Tibetische Unabhängigkeitsbewegung - Sporadische Aufstände und Widerstand an der Basis |
1950 - heute | Tibet | Untergrund | Unklar | Politische und soziale Unabhängigkeit von China. Ein Ende der völkermörderischen Praktiken wie Bevölkerungstransfer, Völkermord und Zwangsarbeitslager. Widerstand gegen Umweltzerstörung wie Bergbau, Ansiedlung von Militärstandorten, Überjagung und Giftmülldeponien. | Schüren einen weit verbreiteten Aufstand durch gut publizierten symbolischen Protest. Unklar, ob Bewegung von einer kohärenten Strategie bestimmt wird. | Sabotage, Proteste, Unruhen, Vergeltungsmaßnahmen gegen Kollaborateure und Sicherheitskräfte, Selbstverbrennung (mindestens 38 Mönche und Nonnen seit 2009) | Unklar. Möglicherweise ad hoc, möglicherweise basierend auf Basis von Basisorganisationen und Gemeinschaftsgruppen. | Meistens im Untergrund, aufgrund der Kriminalisierung von Protesten. | Unbekannt | Unklar. Basisorganisation und Community-basiert. | Unklar. Einige Erfolge bei der Sensibilisierung. Hinweis darauf, dass die Opposition an der Basis gedeiht. | Tibet's Vergessene Helden: Die Geschichte des bewaffneten Widerstandes gegen China von Birgit Van de Wijer |
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Irische Revolution / Unabhängigkeitskrieg |
1916 - 1921 | Irland | Beide | Mittel | Beendigung der englischen Herrschaft zur Bildung einer freien, unabhängigen Republik | Guerilla-Kriegsführung, um die Regierung Irlands unmöglich zu machen, und die Kosten des Aufenthalts im Land so hoch, dass die Briten gezwungen wären, sich zurückzuziehen. | Michael Collins gründete die Irisch Republikanische Armee (IRA), die in kleinen "fliegenden Kolonnen" von 15-30 Männern operierte, die in der Guerilla-Kriegsführung ausgebildet wurden, insbesondere im Rahmen des Hit-and-Run-Raubzuges, des Hinterhalts und der terroristischen Taktiken, zu denen auch Attentate gehörten. Die IRA sprengte Polizei- und Militärbasen, zerstörte Küstenwachstationen, verbrannte Gerichtsgebäude und Steuereintreiberbüros und tötete viele Polizisten und Militärs. | Die Mitgliedschaft in der IRA auf dem Papier, die von den irischen Freiwilligen übernommen wurde, betrug über 100.000 Männer, Michael Collins schätzte, dass nur 15.000 Männer im Laufe des Krieges aktiv in der IRA gedient haben, mit etwa 3.000 im aktiven Dienst zu jeder Zeit. Der Militärflügel hatte eine traditionelle hierarchische Struktur. | Sinn Fein war ein politischer öffentlicher Flügel, der die meisten Sitze des Parlaments von Südirland innehatte, bis die britische Regierung sie 1919 für illegal erklärte und viele ihrer Führer verhaftete. Der Militärflügel befand sich im Untergrund und operierte in kleinen Hit-and-Run-Einheiten. | IRA-Führungskräfte in lokalen Gebieten organisierten aus eigener Initiative Guerilla-Aktivitäten. Die IRA richtete ein Netzwerk von Spionen unter den sympathisierenden Mitgliedern der "G-Abteilung" der Dubliner Stadtpolizei und in anderen Zweigen der britischen Regierung ein. Collins gründete "The Squad", dessen einzige Aufgabe es war, "G-men" und andere britische Spione und Agenten zu finden und zu töten. Aufgrund der breiten Unterstützung durch die Bevölkerung weigerten sich die meisten Iren, Informationen an die Polizei oder an britische Streitkräfte weiterzugeben, und stellten oft "sichere Häuser" und Vorkehrungen für IRA-Einheiten "auf der Flucht" bereit. | Die starke Repression durch die britischen Streitkräfte als Reaktion auf die Aktivitäten der IRA führte zu einer breiten Unterstützung der IRA in ganz Irland und zu einem stetigen Zulauf von Rekruten aus jedem Ort. | Teilerfolg. Michael Collins' zweigleisige Strategie mörderischer Überfälle und Hinterhalte unterbrach die normale Regierungsführung. Viele Militärhistoriker sind zu dem Schluss gekommen, dass die IRA einen weitgehend erfolgreichen und tödlichen Guerillakrieg geführt hat, der die britische Regierung zu dem Schluss zwang, dass die IRA nicht militärisch besiegt werden konnte. Im Juli 1921 wurde ein Waffenstillstand ausgerufen, und die britische Regierung schlug eine Teilung vor, bei der ein irischer Freistaat im Süden, Nordirland jedoch im Vereinigten Königreich blieb. Dies führte zu einem elfmonatigen Bürgerkrieg. |
Irischer Unabhängigkeitskrieg (Wikipedia) Michael Collins (1996) Der Wind, der die Gerste schüttelt. (2006) Krieg im Schatten von Robert B. Asprey |
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Zapatistische Armee der Nationalen Befreiung (EZLN) |
1994 - heute | Mexiko | Beide | Mittel | Zum Schutz der indigenen Autonomie, ihrer Verbindung mit ihrem Erbland und der Bekämpfung der Globalisierung. Darüber hinaus arbeiten sie daran, partizipative Regierungsmodelle aufzubauen, die den indigenen Traditionen folgen und antikapitalistische Kräfte hinter "Zapatisten" vereinen. | Sie nutzten zunächst einen bewaffneten Aufstand mit starkem militärischen Fokus, um etwas an autonomem Gebiet zu gewinnen. Sie arbeiten jetzt meist in öffentlichen Gruppen, um Instutionen zu schaffen, welche sowohl parallel zu der mexikanischen Regierung laufen, als auch diese ersetzen. Sie vernetzen sich mit anderen indigenen Gruppen, um die Autonomie zu unterstützen, während möglichst wenig mit der "bösen Regierung" interagiert wird. |
Ihre Taktik hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten weiterentwickelt. Die EZLN begann mit einem Großangriff auf die wichtigsten Städte in Chiapas, Mexiko, was in einem Krieg mit der Regierung resultierte. Der Krieg endete nach 12 Tagen in einer Waffenruhe, welche 1996 zu einem Friedensabkommen führte, das die indigene Autonomie schützen sollte. Obwohl sie nicht aktiv kämpfen, halten sie dennoch eine Untergrund Armee mit Stützpunkten aufrecht. Die Armee erklärt, dass sie weder angreifen noch das Land mit Waffengewalt verteidigen werde, sondern trainiere. Wenn Land von der Regierung eingenommen wird, siedeln die Menschen um. Die mexikanische Regierung hat es versäumt, den Vertrag von 1996 einzuhalten, aber die Zapatistas haben diese Zeit genutzt, um so zu handeln, als ob der Vertrag gültig wäre, indem sie Gesundheits-, Bildungs- und Regierungsalternativen zu den vom mexikanischen Staat angebotenen Alternativen aufgebaut haben. Sie bauen aktiv eine internationale Präsenz auf, um Spenden und Unterstützung zu sammeln, bereisen Mexiko und veranstalten große indigene Konferenzen, in der Hoffnung, andere indigene Gruppen bei ihrer Mission für Autonomie zu unterstützen. Sie lehnen Angebote von "Hilfe" und anderen Subventionen der mexikanischen Regierung ab. |
Das Territorium ist in 6 "Karakole" unterteilt, autonome Regierungen, die unter ein größeres zapatistisches Gebilde fallen, wobei sich die Mitglieder der lokalen Gemeinschaft kontinuierlich durch Machtpositionen rotieren. Der "zivile" Arm der Gruppe ist technisch für die "Zapatistas" zuständig, wobei die EZLN (die eigentliche Armee) einen Schritt zurücktritt, aber es gibt einige Diskussionen darüber, wie viel Einfluss die Kommandos der EZLN in Wirklichkeit haben. | Beide. Die Zapatistas werden vom oberirdischen Arm geführt, wobei die EZLN die Kontrolle über die Untergrundarmee hat. | Viel Geheimhaltung um den Aufenthaltsort und die Aktivitäten der Armee; die Teilnehmer sind nicht offen bewaffnet. Jeder trägt eine charakteristische "Pasamontana"-Maske. Die Grenzen zu den Territorien werden durch unbewaffnete Wachen geschützt und Besucher benötigen eine Zugangsberechtigung. | Hauptsächlich aus der Bevölkerung von Bauern und indigenen Gemeinschaften. Sie kämpfen darum, Rekruten zu halten, weil die Wirtschaft in Schwierigkeiten gerät und die Ernteerträge infolge des Klimawandels sinken dürften. Darüber hinaus hat die Regierung einen langen paramilitärischen Krieg mit US-amerikanischer Komplizenschaft geführt und den "Drogenkrieg" als Trick benutzt, um den Süden Mexikos zu militarisieren und die Autonomie zu untergraben. | Sehr effektiv. Sie sind in der Lage, das Land in den letzten 20 Jahren zu schützen. Insgesamt hat es ein Wiederaufleben der indigenen Bewegungen in Mexiko und Mittelamerika gegeben, was weitgehend mit der anhaltenden Präsenz der Zapatistas zusammenhängt. | zapatistas-ezln.jpg | |||
Bewegung für die Emanzipation des Nigerdeltas (MEND) |
2005 - 2013 | Nigeria | Untergrund | Mittel | Mehrheitliche oder vollständige Kontrolle der Ölproduktion/Einnahmen im Nigerdelta (für das Volk der Ogoni) und Rückzug des nigerianischen Militärs aus dem Nigerdelta. | Die Fähigkeit der nigerianischen Regierung, Öl im Nigerdelta zu exportieren, völlig zu zerschlagen, die multinationalen Ölgesellschaften zu zwingen, den Betrieb einzustellen und wahrscheinlich eine landesweite Haushalts- und Wirtschaftskrise auszulösen. |
MEND benutzt Schnellboote in schwarmbasierten Manövern, um Ziele nacheinander schnell anzugreifen. Mehrere hochgradig wendige, gut ausgebildete und bewaffnete Einheiten haben die Regierung und die Verteidigungssysteme von Shell davon abgehalten, ihre ausgedehnten Netzwerke (1.000 Ölquellen, 6.000 km Pipeline auf 70.000 Quadratmeilen) zu verteidigen. Sehr effektive Nutzung von Betriebsunterbrechungen: Die Ziele wurden systematisch und präzise ausgewählt, um die Produktion vollständig stillzulegen und Reparaturen zu verzögern und/oder zu stoppen. |
MEND, ein Dachverband, hat sich zu einem Konglomerat verschiedener militanter Gruppen mit ständig wechselnden Allianzen und Loyalitäten entwickelt. Die Führung und Kontrolle wird als hierarchisch angesehen. Führer werden häufig von Rivalen abgesetzt oder ersetzt, aufgrund interner Konflikte um Erlöse aus kriminellen und politischen Aktivitäten und aufgrund der Ijaw-Tradition, Stammesführer auf Rotationsbasis auszuwählen. | Untergrundzellen mit wenigen Sprechern, die mit den internationalen Medien kommunizieren. | Die Führungskräfte sind immer in Bewegung und äußerst vorsichtig. Sie nehmen keine persönlichen Telefonanrufe entgegen, da sie wissen, dass Soldaten, die nach ihnen suchen, über elektronische Geräte verfügen, die in der Lage sind, Mobilfunksignale zu lokalisieren. Während der Raubzüge tragen die Kämpfer Masken, um ihre Identität zu schützen. Die gesamte Kommunikation mit den Medien erfolgt über Aliase. MEND enthüllt keine Identitäten seines Ranges und seiner Akte und führt alle Rekrutierungen heimlich durch. Die fließende und widersprüchliche Organisationsstruktur kann von Vorteil aus sein oder auch nicht, sie ist aber sehr effektiv, um die Führung zu verdecken und die operationelle Sicherheit von Schlüsselpersonen zu erhöhen. | Zieht seine Kämpfer aus Gemeinden im gesamten Delta: ethnische Milizen im Westen und aus Kulten (kriminelle Banden) im Osten. | Hat sein Ziel noch nicht erreicht, aber seine Strategie und Taktik waren effektiv, was zu einer Reduzierung der Ölproduktion Nigerias von 2006 bis 2009 um mehr als 28 Prozent führte. Im August 2009 bot die Regierung eine 60-Tage-Amnestie an: Militante, die ihre Waffen abgaben, wurden für ihre Verbrechen begnadigt, erhielten eine Berufsausbildung und erhielten 410 US-Dollar pro Monat, bis sie Arbeit fanden. Aber der Waffenstillstand und die Amnestie endeten im Dezember, als MEND eine Shell/Chevron-Pipeline vor dem Hintergrund der Gesundheit von Präsident Yar' Adua und der Ungeduld über das langsamen Tempo des Beschäftigungswachstums angriff. |
Bewegung für die Emanzipation des Nigerdeltas (Wikipedia) MEND: Die Dachorganisation der Militanten des Nigerdeltas Süße Rohölqualität (2007) Delta Jungs (2012) Notwendige Anforderungen für die Bekämpfung von Aufständen in den USA: eine Untersuchung des Aufstands in der Region des Niger-Flussdeltas (Dissertation für die U.S. Army, PDF) |
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Afrikanischer Nationalkongres |
1912 - present | South Africa | Beide | Mittel | Equal rights for all South Africans regardless of ethnicity | Put pressure on the South African Apartheid government to implement constitutional reform and return of the freedoms denied under apartheid |
Phase One: From 1912 to 1960 the ANC used purely non-violent tactics including strikes, boycotts, protests, demonstrations, education and awareness raising, and alternative/political education. Phase Two: Following the 1960 Sharpville Massacre, and because non-violent tactics alone were proving ineffective, in 1961 the ANC formed its military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe. (See MK profile for more details.) ANC groups outside South Africa focused on an international boycott of all South African products, and on excluding South Africa from the 1970s Olympics. Inside South Africa the ANC, though driven underground, continued its non-violent tactics including strikes, protest marches, and distributing leaflets, and worked with student and community groups to challenge the Apartheid government. During the 1980's mass support galvanized around "Release Mandela Committees", and the ANC based the People's War on four pillars: ANC underground activity, united mass action, MK attacks, and an international campaign to isolate the apartheid regime. |
From 1912 to 1960, and again after 1990, the ANC elected its President and National Executive to make decisions for the organization, with regional branches for local decision making. The ANC was banned in 1960, so organizing moved out of the country or underground. In the 1980s student, civil, workers', and women's organizations formed to demand political power. |
Phase One: Until its banning in 1960, The ANC was an aboveground organization. Phase Two: Afterwards it continued to work from the underground for a mass mobilization of resistance and to direct the MK military wing. |
Phase One: Relaxed, since the ANC wanted to draw as much attention as possible to the issues. Phase Two: See MK profile |
Heavy repression from the Apartheid government radicalized many to join the aboveground and underground movements |
Successful at ending apartheid. The combination of the ANC's work to promote mass political struggle with Umkhonto we Sizwe's armed struggle succeeded in pressuring the Apartheid government to unban the ANC in 1990. South Africa's first multiracial elections based on "one person one vote", held in April 1994, resulted in Nelson Mandela of the ANC and of Umkhonto we Sizwe becoming South Africa's first black chief executive. Unfortunately, the subsequent governments embraced Neocolonialism, which has been a disaster for South Africans. Though the formal structures of apartheid have ended, the economic impacts linger and the country remains one of the most unequal in the world. |
History of the African National Congress (Wikipedia) Long Walk To Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela by Nelson Mandela |
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Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) / The Spear of the Nation |
1961- 1990 | South Africa | Untergrund | Mittel | Equal rights for all South Africans regardless of ethnicity |
Use guerrilla warfare to bring the South African Apartheid government to the bargaining table. The armed struggle was not an end in itself, but a complement to the mass political struggle. The MK strategy evolved through a number of phases:
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Phase One: targets included government installations, police stations, electric pylons, pass offices, and other symbols of apartheid rule. In rural areas, there were arson attacks on sugar cane fields and wattle estates. Phase Two: little MK activity inside South Africa, with MK recruits training in foreign camps. Phase Three: a shift away from symbolic military actions, with a noticeable increase in armed attacks inside South Africa. MK sabotaged railway lines, bombed Bantu Administration offices, and attacked police stations, oil refineries, fuel depots, the Koeberg nuclear plant, and military targets such as Voortrekkerhoogte. In response to the apartheid government's vicious responses, MK's Special Operations Command ordered attacks against military personnel. Phase Four: MK attacked economic, strategic, and military installations in white suburbs. They bombed targets such as the Johannesburg Magistrate's Court, banks, beach bars, shopping centers, sports stadiums, and Wimpy Restaurants, causing some civilian casualties. In 1989 MK Special Operations personnel launched a sustained mortar attack on the South African Air Force's secret Three Satellite Radar Station. |
Phase One: MK was at all times subordinate to the leadership of the African National Congress (see ANC profile for more details), whose political policy and strategy directed MK's military strategy. MK's structure mirrored that of the ANC, with a National High Command at the top, Regional Commands in each of the provinces, and local commands and cells operating below. The High Command determined tactics and general targets and managed training and finance. Regional Commands selected local targets to attack. Many of the established MK units were allowed a degree of initiative in executing their operations, so long as they remained within policy guidelines. Phases Two and Three: MK established the Revolutionary Council (RC) in 1969 to train political and military cadres as part of the long-term plan to build a robust underground within South Africa. Until the mid 1970s MK was an 'army in exile' with long and insecure lines of communication, command and control; most actions were launched by units from Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. In 1979, MK created a Special Operations Division to carry out strategic militant attacks from within South Africa. Phase four: In 1983 the Revolutionary Council was replaced by the Political Military Council (PMC) which controlled and integrated the activities of:
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Underground. Classified as a terrorist organization by the South African government and the United States. | MK's original command structure was drawn from the high profile, public resistance campaigns of the 1950s. Lacking experience with underground security, the whole command structure was arrested in 1962. Communication lines were not secure, with breaches resulting in some deaths. The organization operated on a "need to know" basis between cells, levels of the chain-of-command, and different organizational units. |
Phases One and Two: Recruitment minimal due to a lack of allies and camps in neighboring countries. Phase Three: In 1976, high school students led a series of protests against apartheid policies. The protests and the subsequent reprisals and massacres by South African security forces galvanized widespread interest in resistance, especially amongst youths. In the years that followed, several thousand youths fled the country and joined MK. Phase Four: Similarly, a series of protests and uprisings beginning in September 1984 fueled a new wave of recruits, with more political consciousness than in prior phases thanks to their experiences in mass democratic organizations of the early 80s. Trying to swell the ranks of a volunteer army perpetually short on recruits, Area PMCs only rejected volunteers on grounds of health or age; volunteers simply had to be against apartheid and have the courage to take up arms. About 10-12,000 members of MK received formal training outside South Africa during the early phases. By the time of negotiations in 1993, MK had about 20-25,000 members. |
Successful at ending apartheid. The combination of the ANC's work to promote mass political struggle with Umkhonto we Sizwe's armed struggle succeeded in pressuring the Apartheid government to unban the ANC in 1990. South Africa's first multiracial elections based on "one person one vote", held in April 1994, resulted in Nelson Mandela of the ANC and of Umkhonto we Sizwe becoming South Africa's first black chief executive. Unfortunately, the subsequent governments embraced Neocolonialism, which has been a disaster for South Africans. Though the formal structures of apartheid have ended, the economic impacts linger and the country remains one of the most unequal in the world. |
Umkhonto we Sizwe (Wikipedia) Umkhonto weSizwe (South African History Online) The other armies: A brief historical overview of MK, 1961-1994 (The South African Military History Society) |
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Freedom Riders |
1961 (May - September) | US - southern states | Öffendlichkeit | Hoch | End racial segregation in US interstate buses and in the waiting rooms and restaurants of terminals serving them | Prompt law changes by focusing publicity on the segregation laws of the Southern states | Using mixed racial groups, ride interstate buses into the Southern states to violate laws and customs enforcing segregation in bus seating and in terminals. Use the expected mob violence to generate widespread publicity. | The first Freedom Ride was led by CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) Director and 13 riders (7 white/6 black). CORE was a non-violent organisation that was originally formed by a group of students. | Aboveground, as they wanted to attract as much publicity as possible to their cause | Unarmed and committed to non-violent response to the expected mob violence, they did receive training on how to absorb beatings as safely as possible. Otherwise, as a well publicized, aboveground campaign, they had minimal concern with security. | From small beginnings, the ferocity of the attacks on the Freedom Riders recruited hundreds, mainly students, to their cause. About 450 riders actually took part in the Freedom Rides, about 75% male and under 30, with equal numbers of black and white. | The mob violence inflicted upon the Freedom Riders with collusion by local police, including beatings and petrol bombing of a bus, shocked the public and attracted international attention to the cause. Eventually President Kennedy was forced to intervene and make a stand that the federal government would no longer allow southern localities to violate federal laws. New policies went into effect November 1, 1961, allowing passengers to sit wherever they pleased on interstate buses and trains; outlawing racially segregated drinking fountains, toilets and waiting rooms; and requiring lunch counters to serve all customers regardless of race. |
Freedom Riders (Wikipedia) Freedom Rides (History.com) Freedom Riders (2010) Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice by Raymond Arsenault Breach of Peace: Portraits of the 1961 Mississippi Freedom Riders by Eric Etheridge Freedom Rides by James Peck "He Was My Brother" by Simon and Garfunkel |
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Mohawk Warriors |
1971 - 1996 | Canada & US - Quebec & New York | Beide | Mittel | Protect Mohawk cultural values, establish self governance, and assert authority over traditional Mohawk lands | Secure land, become economically self sufficient, and raise awareness by supporting other Mohawk communities in conflict with the state | Blockades and occupations; raising funds by protecting unregulated casinos, bars, and gasoline stations and trade in tobacco, alcohol, guns and drugs; deterring police and army incursions into their land by staying heavily armed. | Mixture of traditional tribal council, military cell structure organised by Vietnam War veterans in conflict situations, and hierarchical structure for organisation of revenue generating enterprises. | Initially aboveground but became increasingly involved in criminal activity | Operated from Mohawk reserves that were police 'no-go zones', and operated secret supply lines across the border of the USA and Canada | From more militant and entrepreneurial members of the Mohawk people, particularly youth | The Mohawk Warriors secured land for economic self sufficiency and established themselves as an imposing force, with state authorities afraid to enter their territory. However, to accomplish this, the traditional Mohawk value of respect for the earth and principles of the Longhouse tradition were sacrificed as the Mohawk Warriors became increasingly involved in criminal activity that polluted the land and disregarded the well-being of the community. |
People of the Pines: The Warriors and the Legacy of Oka by Geoffrey York (1999) |
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Nat Turner's Fighters |
1831 (August) | US - Southampton County, Virginia | Untergrund | Mittel | Liberate slaves | Start an uprising of slaves against masters | Nat Turner (a slave) believed he had instruction from God to slay his master and liberate slaves. He killed his master and family and then went from plantation to plantation killing slave owners and their families, collecting weapons and liberating slaves to join the group and continue the mission. | Informal hierarchical structure led by Nat Turner and 4 original trusted slaves that, at its peak, instructed 60 other slaves and free blacks | Underground until the rebellion became known and Nat Turner and his group clashed with a white militia group | Nat Turner confided in 4 fellow slaves who secretly spread plans of the rebellion to wider circles with meetings being coordinated through the singing of code songs whilst they worked. | Mostly through liberated slaves joining the rebellion |
Nat Turner and his group led the only effective slave rebellion in U.S history, liberating 70 slaves and killing 55 whites. Nat Turner was captured, hung and then skinned and the majority of the rebels involved in the insurrection (and many that weren't) were later tried and executed. In reprisal attacks, white mobs killed about 200 black slaves and free men and new laws were passed that further repressed slaves and free blacks. The rebellion scared the people of the Southern states, added fuel to the abolitionist movement in the Northern states and was used as an iconic example by people and groups standing up to white oppression in later years. |
Prophet - The Story of Nat Turner by Kenya Cagle The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron |
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Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |
1943 | Poland - Warsaw | Untergrund | Mittel | Stop the deportation of Jews to extermination camps | Armed revolt against SS guards who entered the ghetto to collect Jews for deportation | A resistance group in the ghetto, the 'Jewish Fighters Organisation' (ZOB), accumulated a small cache of weapons through smuggling and making them. They used guerrilla warfare tactics of attacking the SS guards and then escaping using tunnels, sewers and rooftops. | Military cell structure led by Mordechai Anielewicz, with links to underground Polish resistance groups outside the ghetto | Underground |
Of the upmost importance. The ZOB established a prison inside the ghetto to hold and execute traitors and collaborators like the Jewish Police. Smuggling of food and weapons into the ghetto through the walls and secret tunnels was necessary to supply the resistance, with the risk to those caught smuggling being shot on sight. |
From anyone willing to join the resistance inside the ghetto. It is estimated that 750 pople joined the resistance, most of whom were young men. |
The uprising was the largest single revolt by Jews during World War II. The Nazi forces planned to clear the ghetto of 50,000 in 3 days but the uprising killed seveal hundred SS guards and delayed the clearance by one month. It is estimated that 7,000 Jews were killed in the uprising by SS guards who resorted to systematically demolishing and burning buildings in the ghetto. The uprising gave inspiration to future resistance movements and demonstrated the honor of the Jewish people who, certain of their death, chose to die fighting, inflicting damage on their oppressors instead of being led compliantly to extermination camps. Although there were few survivors, those who resisted had a better chance of survival than those passively led to concentration camps. |
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (Encyclopaedia Brittanica) Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (history.com) Border Street (1948) The Bravest Battle: The Twenty-eight Days Of The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising by Dan Kurzman |
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Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) |
1999 - 2014 | England & US | Beide, mit Firewall | Niedrig | Close Huntingdon Life Science (HLS) | Make HLS unprofitable | Direct targeting of HLS and its employees through lawful protest, sabotage, harassment, intimidation and violent attacks. Also secondary and tertiary targeting of HLS's shareholders and business partners, and their business partners. | The underground was leaderless, non-hierarchical, and operated as small autonomous cells carrying out direct actions according to SHAC guidelines. The aboveground advocated for underground direct action, suggested targets, and raised funds and public awareness. | Both, with firewall between | Underground actions were executed anonymously, and the organizational structure made SHAC difficult to infiltrate. If members were arrested, they had little information to give authorities. | The aboveground encouraged the public to join aboveground campaigns, or to carry out underground actions against targets suggested by SHAC. Funding and general support increased in the UK after the broadcast of a documentary showing the treatment of animals inside HLS. In the US, SHAC received support and recruits from sympathetic musical subcultures. |
Suppliers and customers distanced themselves from HLS, its share price plummeted, and the company was dropped from both the London and New York Stock Exchanges. But HLS remains open because the UK Government bailed it out with banking and insurance services, and because HLS moved its financial center to the US to take advantage of anonymity laws. The SHAC campaign was ended only after multiple laws were passed in the UK and US that targeted the methods used by SHAC. Relatively few arrests have been made and most cases remain unsolved. |
Terrorist: SHAC 7 (2010) |
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Earth Liberation Front (ELF) |
1992 - present | England (originally), now in over 17 countries | Untergrund | Niedrig | Stop the exploitation and destruction of the environment | Stop environmentally destructive businesses through attrition: inflict more economic damage than they can absorb | Economic sabotage via attacks on property using arson, sabotage, and bombings | Leaderless, non-hierarchical, small autonomous cells. | Actions are carried out by underground cells. The North American Earth Liberation Front Press Office (NAELFPO), an aboveground support group, focused on outreach, prisoner support, and raising funds and awareness. | When security culture is followed, its decentralized autonomous cells make the ELF difficult to infiltrate, and if a member is arrested they can give little information to authorities. The NAELFPO allowed underground cells to securely publicize actions. | Mostly indirect. Public outreach and press releases about underground actions inspire individuals and affinity groups to carry out actions of their own. A direct action can be considered an ELF action if it causes economic damage to those exploiting the environment, educates the public, and takes all reasonable precautions to avoid harming human or non-human life. |
The ELF's strategy of attrition has not inflicted enough losses to offset the profits of extractive and destructive industries. Though activists have caused more than $100 million in damages in various attacks, and slowed or halted many projects, the impact has been negligible on industrial expansion as a whole. Despite being named by the FBI as the leading domestic terrorism threat, relatively few arrests have been made and most cases remain unsolved. |
If a Tree Falls (2011) Burning Rage of a Dying Planet: Speaking for The Earth Liberation Front by Craig Rosebraugh |
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The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) |
1976 - present | England (originally), now in over 40 countries | Untergrund | Niedrig | End all animal suffering | Force animal abuse organizations out of business through attrition: inflict more economic damage than they can absorb | Direct release of animals, plus attacks on property using arson, sabotage, and bombings | Leaderless, non-hierarchical, small autonomous cells. | Actions are carried out by underground cells. The aboveground Animal Liberation Front Support Group focuses on outreach, fund raising, prisoner support, and raising awareness. | When security culture is followed, its decentralized autonomous cells make the ALF difficult to infiltrate, and if a member is arrested they can give little information to authorities. The ALF Support Group allows underground cells to securely publicize actions. | Mostly indirect. Public outreach and press releases about underground actions inspire individuals and affinity groups to carry out actions of their own. A person or group can be considered a member of ALF if they are vegetarian or vegan and carry out an act that furthers the cause of animal liberation, where all reasonable precautions are taken not to harm human or non-human life. |
The ALF's strategy of attrition has not inflicted enough losses to offset the profits of the animal industry. Though activists have released tens of thousands of animals, caused tens of millions of dollars of damage, and forced the closure of many targeted organisations, the impact has been negligible on the industry as a whole. Despite being named by the FBI's Counterterrorism Division in 2004 as one of "the most active criminal extremist elements in the United States", relatively few of those responsible have been captured and most cases remain unsolved. |
Behind the Mask (2006) Animal Liberation Front: Complete Diary of Actions by Peter Daniel Young |
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Chilean Resistance |
1973 - 1990 | Chile | Beide | Hoch | Replace the dictatorship led by General Augusto Pinochet with a democratically elected government | Pressure the dictatorship to hold democratic elections | The resistance split into a minority who used sabotage, bombings and assassinations and a much larger group who used non-violent tactics of strikes, monthly protests and creative expressions of non-violent civil-disobedience. | The Chilean Resistance was an umbrella term encompassing many groups, each with its own structure, opposing the dictatorship of General Pinochet. Despite ideological differences, the diverse groups, including churches, universities, labor unions, and communist organizations, worked together. | Both | Underground groups needed to operate in complete secrecy, as discovered members would be arrested and often 'disappear'. Aboveground actions also needed to be organised secretly as security forces and the army wene used to violently quell opposition. | Despite repression, journalists spread information of forthcoming actions though newspapers, magazines and radio. The Catholic Church was in opposition to the dictatorship and churches encouraged their congregations to resist. | General Pinochet held a plebiscite (referendum) in 1988 concerning his continued leadership of the country, to which 55% of the population said 'no'. He retained control of the military which later refused to support him and in 1990 he officially left office to be replaced by a democratically elected president. |
Salvador Allende (2004) A Nation of Enemies: Chile Under Pinochet by Pamela Constable |
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Libyan Resistance |
1911 - 1951 | Libya | Untergrund | Niedrig | Complete Italian withdrawal from Libya | A war of attrition against the occupying forces to make the occupation economically unfeasible and politically unpopular | Guerrilla warfare tactics of bombings, ambushes, sabotage and assassination; and conventional warfare when joined by international armies | The resistance was comprised of many tribal groups, each with its own organizational structure. The most prominent group was the Islamo-political group, the Senussi, organized in a hierarchical way based on Islamic traditions. | Underground | For many years the resistance forces controlled the interior of Libya, a safe haven from which they could operate and plan attacks. | Individuals and groups were encouraged to join the resistance for nationalistic and religious reasons. | The resistance was a formidable obstacle to Itay's control of Libya. However, the resistance forces were weak, and until its defeat in WWII, Italy held almost total control of Libya. Allied forces held Libya for 6 years after the war, until it gained full independence in 1951. |
Libya: the Bitter Fruits of Italian Colonialism Lion of the Desert (1981) Libya: A Country Study by Helen Chapin Metz |
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French Resistance |
1940 - 1944 | France | Untergrund | Mittel | Expel the occupying Nazi forces and puppet Vichy government | Make the occupation of France as difficult as possible and to assist the invasion by Allied forces | Guerrilla warfare tactics of bombings, assassination, and sabotage, with assitance via funds and arms air dropped by Allied forces. French resisters gathered intelligence about German targets to pass to Allied forces, and provided escape routes for Allied soldiers trapped behind enemy lines. | The French Resistance was an umbrella term covering many groups in France, encouraged to unite by Jean Moulin, and led by Charles De Gaul broadcasting messages from England. The groups followed a hierarchical military structure. | Underground | Secrecy was paramount as people discovered to be in resistance groups were sent to concentration camps. Resistance members hid amongst civilians and held meetings in secret. | Underground resistance newspapers boosted morale and encouraged people to join resistance groups. | Resistance groups contributed to the success of the Allied D-Day landings in June 1944 by providing intelligence to the Allies and carrying out widespread sabotage against Nazi transportation and communication infrastructure. The French Resistance fighters joined the Allied forces in openly fighting the Nazis, recapturing Paris and then all of France in August 1944. General Eisenhower estimated the value of the Resistance as equivalent to 100-150,000 soldiers. |
The French Resistance (Scrapbookpages) The French Resistance (World War 2 Database) The French Resistance (History Learning Site) The Army of Shadows (1969) The Sorrow and the Pity (1969) The Resistance: The French Fight Against the Nazis by Matthew Cobb |
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Armenian Resistance |
1915 - 1917 | Armenia | Untergrund | Niedrig | Avoid deportation, likely leading to death, of the Armenian people to Syria and Mosul by the Turkish army | Resist the deportation | By 1915 the Turkish army had conscripted all Armenian males aged 18-52 into WWI and confiscated the majority of Armenian weapons. In 7 major instances, towns and villages resisted deportation by taking refuge in easily defensible local areas and using what weapons they had to militarily oppose the Turkish army. | Previous Armenian leaders had already been deported or executed, resulting in no central organization of the resistance. Villages improvised responses as news of deportations and refugees reached them, likely based on existing power structures of the people. | Underground | Unnecessary | Although the decision making process is unknown, once a village decided to resist the deportations, people supported the resistance however they could. Women often played important roles, as many men had already been conscripted into WWI. | The Turkish army killed an estimated 1 to 1.5 million Armenians during the deportations. Most villages which resisted the deportations fought valiantly despite being vastly outnumbered and outgunned, but were defeated, with survivors massacred. Allied forces intervened in time to make the resistance in Van and Musa Dagh successful at saving 40,000 lives. |
Large-scale deportations of Armenians begin in Turkey Armenian Resistance to Genocide: An Attempt to Assess Circumstances and Outcomes Armenian Genocide (2006) Armenian Golgotha: A Memoir of the Armenian Genocide by Grigoris & Peter Balakian |
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Philippine Resistance |
1942 - 1945 | Philippines | Untergrund | Mittel | End the military occupation of the Philippines by Japanese forces | Weaken Japanese control, gather intelligence to assist the invasion of Allied forces, and join Allied forces in fighting the Japanese after the invasion | Guerrilla warfare of sabotage, bombings and ambushes; and smuggling of gathered intelligence to an American base in Australia. The resistance avoided direct confrontation with Japanese forces for fear of reprisals on civilians. | Many guerrilla groups shared the goal of expelling the occupying Japanese forces. They initially acted independently employing various organizational structures, but later became more organized and coordinated by General MacArthur of the US Army in a military style hierarchy. | Underground | Secrecy was important, but the guerrilla groups mostly operated safely from the interior of the country where the Japanese were rarely active. Despite these precautions, the Japanese did discover some guerrilla bases and execute members. |
Existing Filipino political groups and unsurrendered US and Filipino army battalions converted into guerrilla cells. Recruitment also took place through campaigns that focussed on villages where people had suffered under the Japanese and were more likely to join resistance groups. Coercion in the form of threats to potential members and their families was also used to recruit new members. |
By the time of the US invasion in 1945, Japanese forces controlled only twelve of the forty-eight provinces. The guerrilla forces played a vital role in the successful invasion of the Philippines by US forces and the surrender of the Japanese. | Philippine_resistance_movement.jpg | |||
Algerian Resistance |
1854 - 1962 | Algeria | Untergrund | Hoch | Expel the French colonial forces and to form an independent Algerian state within the framework of the principles of Islam | Make the continued occupation of Algeria economically unfeasible and politically unpopular in France | Hit and run guerrilla warfare tactics of, bombings, sabotage, and assassinations | Hierarchical structure that controlled the activities of groups in sectors based on Ottoman-era administrative boundaries | Underground | A national state of emergency was announced with capital punishment imposed on those found guilty of a crime with a political motive. The National Liberation Front (FLN) established itself as the main nationalist organization opposing French rule, based their headquarters in the safety of Egypt, and broadcast instructions to cells in Algeria. After launching attacks, members would retreat into hiding or melt into the civilian population. | The FLN recruited new members though either coercing or co-opting smaller organizations to join. | Algeria gained full independence in 1962 with the signing of the Evian Accords, with a cost of between 300,000 (French estimate) and 1.5 million (FLN estimate) Algerian casualites and over 2 million forcibly relocated. |
The Battle of Algiers (1966) La Guerre d’Algérie (The Algerian War) (1972) A Savage War Of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962 by Alistair Horne |
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Russian October (Bolshevik) Revolution |
1917 | Russia - Petrograd, Moscow and the land between | Öffendlichkeit | Mittel | End Russia's involvement in WWI, distribute land to peasants, and strengthen the Russian nation | Seize power from the unpopular provisional government, which took temporary control when the earlier February Revolution overthrew the rule of the Tsars | Widespread workers strikes and rural peasant uprisings weakened the foundations of the capitalist system. In a military operation led by Lenin and supported by the Red Guard army organized by Trotsky, the revolutionaries took control of Petrograd including the provisional government's headquarters in the Winter Palace. After two weeks of conflict, they later took control of Moscow. | Several groups collaborated to enable the revolution, but the Bolshevik party ended up in control. The Bolsheviks followed the socialist theory of Lenin, that initially strong leadership with a centralized state must be formed. In theory, the masses would increasingly taking control, and the state would eventually "wither away". Once in power, the Bolshevik party outlawed other parties and became strictly hierarchical. | Aboveground | Minimally necessary | The revolution was supported by the Bolshevik Party, the Left Social Revolutionary Party, and the anarchists whose supporters covered large parts of the population. The Left Social Revolutionary Party had strong support from the peasant class. |
After the revolution Russia became the worlds first declared socialist state, and withrew its forces from WWI. Lenin's idea of socialism was never achieve as the Bolsheviks centralized their party, becoming isolated from the working class. The state didn't "wither away," instead becoming a monolithic, one-party, centralized dictatorship. Stalin eventually took over, and became one of the most murderous dictators in history. |
Russian Revolution (2005) Red October, The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 by Robert Daniels |
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Chechen Resistance |
1994 - heute | Chechnya & Russia | Beide | Mittel | Independence from Russia, and an Islamic revival | Defend Chechnya from Russian occupation, and bring the conflict to the Russian people on Russian soil |
Guerrilla warfare tactics from trained and well supplied cells capable of operating independently or together. Coordination allowed larger scale operations against Russian troops in Chechnya, such as the taking of the Capital, Grozny, in 1996. Bombings, assassinations, and kidnappings in Russia, particularly Moscow. |
Hierarchical military style organization, although at times guerrilla cells operated autonomously | Both | In Russian controlled Chechnya secrecy is essential as there are frequent reports of those displaying opposition being tortured, kidnapped, and killed | Recruitment mostly occurred from within Chechnya in response to nationalisic, Islamic and anti-Russian sentiments. Some foreign fighters are recruited through the guise of fighting for Islam, but Moscow often overestimates these numbers to claim defense against international Islamic terrorism. | Despite repelling the might of the Russian army and causing many casualties on Russian soil, Chechnya is currently under Russian rule in the form of a puppet government. Extreme interpretations of Islam have been flourishing in Chechnya as aspects of Sharia Law are enforced in many places. |
Chechen Nationalism and the Tragedy of the Struggle for Independence A Dirty War: A Russian Reporter in Chechnya by Anna Politkovskaya |
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Red Army Faction (Baader Meinhof Group) (RAF) |
1970 - 1998 | West Germany | Untergrund | Niedrig | Destroy the West German capitalist system which had prominent positions held by ex-Nazis, and expel the imperialist USA | The RAF lacked a coherent strategy. Their actions centered on symbolic attacks, intended to trigger a wider revolutionary movement through inspiration and by forcing the government to anger the masses with overbearing responses. | Bank robberies to raise funds; and urban guerrilla tactics including bombings, arson, and assassinations targeting government, big businesses, and foreign imperialists. | The first phase of the RAF actions were carried out by a single group consisting of founders Ulrike Meinhoff & Andreas Badder with a small group of associates. When most of the original members were arrested, separate cells formed in support of the prisoners and to continue the strategy of the RAF. The cells organized into a system of interacting circles of leaders selecting targets, commandos arranging logistics, and militants executing the plans. | Underground | Cells were organized through contact with a single person and members only knew each other by code names. | The RAF had a general level of support for their activities in West Germany, and recruited young people who supported their cause. Other groups with shared goals assisted in operations and training ― e.g. 'June 2' movement in Germany and the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) in Palestine. | Despite high profile bombings and assassinations and having some sympathy amongst the public and support from other groups, the RAF failed to achieve their stated goals. |
Who were the Baader-Meinhof gang? Red Army Faction (Global Terrorism) Red Army Faction (Encyclopaedia Britannica) The Baader Meinhof Complex (2008) Red Army Faction Volume 1: Projectiles for the People by J. Smith |
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Spanish Anarchist Revolution |
1936 - 1939 | Spain, primarily Catalonia | Öffendlichkeit | Niedrig | Oppose the fascist coup of Franco's Nationalist party and overthrow capitalism | Militarily oppose the facist coup and create institutions of decentralized workers' self management of production | Strikes, bombings, arson attacks, seizing and collectivizing land and factories, seizing guns and weapons from military barracks |
Hierarchical, decentralized and based on workers councils, with power held by small groups of people deciding their goals and plans through democratic votes. To scale up to larger scale organizing, workers councils elected delegates to make decisions at more executive layers. Thus, although the organizational structure was hierarchical, the flow of power was from bottom to top, rather than top to bottom. The military organized on a similar model, with delegates taking positions of command but with less authority than a traditional military hierarchy. This model made it relatively slow to develop and execute strategy. The workers seized, ran, and managed the means of production, and elected delegates for decision making. |
Aboveground | Minimally necessary, as they stayed to areas they controlled | Members were initially recruited from existing workers unions to form the CNT, a national union. Once organized, members marched to towns and villages to encourage people to take control of the land and to recruit new members. |
The anarchist revolution successfully took control of 60% of the country and, for a short time, ran it according to anarchist principles. They failed to take complete power from the Popular Front government which, although elected, continually acted in the interests of the bourgeoisie and capitalists. The anarchists claimed they didn't take power from the government to avoid forming a dictatorship themselves, and to concentrate their efforts on fighting Franco's fascist uprising. Others claim that the anarchist revolutionaries doubted the ability of the masses to govern themselves. The revolution ended when the revolutionaries collaborated with the capitalist government and distanced themselves from the workers and militia. Franco, supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, took power when the workers and militia became disillusioned by the betrayal by their leaders. |
Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War Does revolutionary Spain show that libertarian socialism can work in practice? Land and Freedom Homage to Catalonia by George Orwell The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution and Revenge by Paul Preston |
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Ka'apor Indian Warriors |
2014 (August) - present | Brazil - Northeast | Öffendlichkeit | Hoch | Stop the illegal destruction of the forest in the region where the Ka'apor live | Force illegal loggers off the land | Destroying illegal logging camps and equipment, and beating loggers and sending them off the land | Warrior division of the Ka'apor people, with consensus decision making based on intimately knowing and trusting each other | Aboveground | Minimally necessary, as the region is remote | Not necessary, beyond engaging an existing warrior division of the group | The Ka'apor have greatly reduced illegal logging activities in the region. It's yet to be seen if the illegal loggers will return or retaliate. | kaapor-warriors.jpg | |||
Turkey - Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) Conflict |
1984 - present | Southeast Turkey | Beide | Niedrig | Initially: create an independent Kurdish state. Later: create an autonomous Kurdish state with greater political and cultural rights for Kurds within Turkey. | Militant uprising in Kurdish parts of Turkey | Guerrilla attacks using bombings, assassinations, and kidnappings of security and civilian targets; financed by extorting money and drug smuggling. | Hierarchical, with different cells and a complex web of support | Both, with political representation in the form of the Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) | The PKK mostly operate from Kurdish areas where they have general support and are difficult to infiltrate. Further, a complex recruitment process helps identify spies, and communication between cells is minimized. | The PKK target culturally and socially oppressed Kurdish youths for recruitment. The general public in Kurdish areas feels that to join is a heroic and noble act. | The PKK has not achieved any of its stated aims, but their activities have caused 8,500 casualties in Turkey and have cost the Turkish economy an estimated 300 billion dollars in lost tourism. They are considered a powerful force in the region. |
Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence by Aliza Marcus |
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Partisans during WWII |
1939 - 1945 | 24 countries of Europe, former USSR, and East Asia | Untergrund | Hoch | Expel occupying Nazi and Japanese forces | Assist Allied forces and hinder the operations of occupying Nazi and Japanese forces | Ranged from non-cooperation to openly confronting German forces, but mostly guerrilla tactics of sabotage and ambushes. Partisans passed intelligence to Allied forces; and hid crashed pilots, prisoners of war, & Jews. | Varied from country to country, but generally organized in a military hierarchy or according to the principles of communist ideology. Groups acted independently at first, but British and U.S intelligence agencies increasingly organized them to act collectively. | Underground | Secrecy was paramount as Nazi and Japanese forces ruthlessly exploited slips in security. | Partisans published and distributed underground newspapers within occupied countries to boost morale and recruit for resistance movements. Allied forces broadcast and air dropped propaganda encouraging resistance to occupation. | As the partisans organized and increased in numbers they grew from a nuisance to a significant hindrance to the occupying forces. They won some impressive individual victories, and are believed to have played a vital role overall in the ultimate Allied victory. | ww2-partisans.jpg | |||
German Resistance during WWII |
1939 - 1945 | Germany | Untergrund | Niedrig | Remove the Nazi regime and save the lives of Jews and others deemed undesirable by the Nazis | Hinder Nazi operations in Germany and stop deportations to concentration camps | Symbolic opposition from the Catholic Church, resistance from youths to attend compulsory Nazi youth camps, protests, distribution of anti-Nazi propaganda, saving individual or small groups of Jews from concentration camps, sabotage of infrastructure, and assassination attempts on Hitler | Varied, from individuals operating alone, to small groups of friends, to undercover military operations | Underground | Various measures were taken to maintain secrecy, but most members of resistance groups were discovered and executed or sent to concentration camps | From existing networks, and through distribution of leaflets and posters | Some small victories: the wives of thousands of Jewish men sent to concentration camps won release for their husbands with the Rosenstrasse protests, and Schindler saved an estimated 1200 Jews. However, with the German population largely supporting the Nazi regime, the German resistance played only a small part in its defeat, and were unsuccessful in saving the lives of 6 million Jews. |
Disobeying Hitler: German Resistance After Valkyrie by Randall Hansen |
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Forest Guerrillas |
1921 (November) - 1922 (March) | Finland | Untergrund | Niedrig | Secession of East Karelia from Soviet Russia and inclusion in the newly formed Finnish state | Destroy the controlling Soviet forces in the region | Guerrilla warfare tactics of assassinations and open conflict with Soviet forces | Traditional military hierarchy | Underground | Fighters planned and launched attacks from the safety of Finland | The Finnish state did not officially support the uprising for fear of reprisals from Russia but encouraged volunteers to join, turning a blind eye to men and supplies crossing the Finnish-Russian border. Because of the largely Finnish ethnic origins of East Karelia, the uprising had popular support in Finland. | The uprising failed. The superior Soviet army and the harsh winter killed many of the Forest Guerrillas, and the remainder retreated to Finland. Under threat of an attack on Helsinki, the Finland government signed an agreement with Russia on the inviolability of the Soviet–Finnish border. |
The Heimosodat (The Finnish Kinship Wars of 1918-1922) Finland's Civil War 1918: Red & White Suomi and the Kinship Wars, 1918-1922 The Forest Guerrillas: A Story of the Partisans of Lake Ilmen by Piotr Pavlenko |
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Levellers |
1647 - 1650 | England | Öffendlichkeit | Niedrig | Constitutional reform and equal rights under the law for men, excluding servants and those dependent on charity | Use propaganda to influence soldiers and others to support demands of constitutional reform of UK Parliament | Pamphlets, petitions, and books, including The Agreement of the People. Sought and found support among army's rank and file. Developed their own traditions of free discussion and vigorous petitioning and used them to formulate and advance their demands. | Organized as a national coalition of democratic chapters, with meetings often held at local taverns. | Aboveground | No information available. | Little information available, but seems to have been largely via the spread of their ideas. Members often came from the "middling sort" of the population such as tradespeople, artisans and shopkeepers. | Ineffective at achieving their goals, but helped influence the ideas of the American and French revolutions. The elimination of the Levellers as an organized political movement did not obliterate the ideas they helped propagate. | levellers.jpg | |||
Diggers, or True Levellers |
1648 - 1650 | England | Öffendlichkeit | Niedrig | Absolute human equality - including equality between men and women. The abolition of private property. | Make the land available to every person to dig and sow, with common ownership of the land | Nonviolent seizure of unused land, holding it for the common good. Pamphlets to spread propaganda. | Local, with little centralized organization. Possibly received help from some Levellers. Informal relations between communities. | Aboveground | No information available | Little information available, but seems to have been largely via the spread of their ideas. | Ineffective at achieving their goals. Though they initiated several land seizures and struck some symbolic blows against the halls of wealth and power, all occupations were quickly crushed by local land owners and the army. | diggers.gif | |||
Black Panthers |
1966 - 1982 | US - first California. Later it spread nationally and internationally | Öffendlichkeit | Mittel | Initially to protect the residents of African American neighborhoods from police brutality. Later they sought Marxist revolutionary goals with equality in education, housing, employment, and civil rights. | Militant revolution against the exploitative capitalist system, where the economic and political roots of racism are found. |
Having a firm ideological foundation. Visibly arming themselves, being knowledgeable about the law and patrolling African American neighborhoods to prevent police brutality and oppression. Running 'Survival programs' that provided community help such as tuberculosis testing, legal aid, transportation assistance, ambulance services, the manufacture and distribution of free shoes, free breakfasts for children and education that promoted class consciousness. Protests that raised awareness about police brutality. Attempted assassinations of witnesses who testified against Black Panther members. |
Based on Marxist - Leninist principles with an authoritarian style of leadership. Individual chapters had some autonomy, but the Central Committee in Oakland dictated important decisions. | Aboveground | Each Black Panther member had to learn and follow a 26 point list aimed at ensuring security and good public relations. Infiltration by informants and the FBI as part of COINTELPRO seriously impacted the Black Panthers, who endured assassinations of members and the instigation of violent conflict with other groups. | Partially through operating within, maintaining good relations with, and publishing and distributing newspapers within African American communities. They also cultivated outside support by uniting with other minority and white revolutionary groups. | The actions of the Black Panthers unified, mobilized, and empowered people in oppressed African American neighbourhoods and provided inspiration to other oppressed groups. Their actions achieved some of their goals but, many were symbolic. The US Government feared even this symbolic success; in 1968, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover described the Black Panthers as "the greatest threat to the internal security of the country." The Black Panther Party slowly imploded under pressure from COINTELPRO and infighting. |
Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution (2015) The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party by Joshua Bloom and Waldo E. Martin |
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Sobibor Concentration Camp uprising |
1943 | Poland | Untergrund | Hoch | Escape from the concentration camp, to avoid certain death | Create conditions for a mass escape from the camp, to avoid reprisal killing by SS guards of ten prisoners for every escapee | Lure guards one by one into secluded areas to quietly kill them and use their uniforms as disguises, leading prisoners outside of the gates during a roll call. Plotters cut phone lines and sabotaged vehicles to prevent calling in of outside assistance. | Military style hierarchy | Untergrund | Plotters informed only a select few of the escape plans to minimize the risk of betrayal | Initiated by Leon Feldhendler and a group of close associates who recognized they lacked members with military experience. They targeted recently arrived prisoners with military experience for recruitment, including Aleksander "Sasha" Pechersky who eventually led the uprising. | Of 550 prisoners, 400 used the opportunity to escape. The Germans executed those who remained, and during the escape attempt and the ensuing manhunt, killed all but 58 of those 400. Despite only a small number of survivors, many more lived than if they had gone along passively to their deaths. Further, the Germans permanently closed the camp after the uprising. |
Escape From Sobibor (1987) Escape from Sobibor by Richard Rashke |
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Niger Delta Avengers |
March 2016 - Present | Nigeria | Untergrund | Mittel | To create a sovereign state in the Niger Delta and withdrawal of Nigerian military and International oil companies from the area. The NDA wants a bigger share of the Niger Delta's resource wealth to go to the region's people, and it wants some sort of environmental remediation after decades of rampant oil and gas pollution. | Cripple the Nigerian economy by totally destroying the government's capacity to export oil in the Niger Delta, forcing the multinational oil companies to discontinue operations. |
NDA uses speedboats in swarm-based manoeuvres and coordinates underwater attacks on gas and oil pipeline infrastructure. Multiple highly manoeuvrable, well trained and armed units have kept the government, Chevron and Shell's defensive systems off-balance defending their sprawling networks, bringing Nigeria’s oil output to a 20 year low. Very effective use of systems disruption: targets have been systematically and accurately selected to completely shut down production and delay and/or halt repairs. |
Members are a group of young, well-travelled and educated men. They appear to be highly trained individuals, some of whom, according to NDA claims, have infiltrated the Nigerian military. | Underground cells with a few spokesmen who communicate with the international media | The NDA are highly secretive and little is known of their internal strategies at this early stage. | Has not yet achieved its goal, but its strategy and tactics have been effective, resulting in the country losing about 1.3 million barrels of crude oil daily due to the bombing, and is no longer Africa’s top oil producer. |
Archived copy of Niger Delta Avengers' own website |
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Rojava Revolution |
2012 - present | Rojava, formerly Syria | Öffendlichkeit | Hoch | Self-determinism for Kurdish people | Transformation of society through equality of the sexes, minority rights, equal distribution of wealth, social ecology and permaculture | Direct democracy in social organization and armed resistance in fighting ISIS and securing the revolution |
Democratic Confederalism - anarchist/libertarian-socialist communal structure, multicultural and consensus based. There are four armed groups:
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Öffendlichkeit | Little is known | From the Rojavan populations and international brigades | Highly effective in establishing and maintaining an autonomous region while under constant attack on two fronts by ISIS and the Syrian government. Equally effective as a feminist revolution in an area of the world dominated by patriarchal values. |
Revolution in Rojava: Democratic Autonomy and Women's Liberation in the Syrian Kurdistan by Michael Knapp, Anja Flach, and Ercan Ayboga |
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Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) |
1990 - present | Nigeria | Öffendlichkeit | Niedrig | Ogoni control of local environment, cultural practices, and decision making | Non-violent actions to resist, and raise international awareness of, oil company and Nigerian Government exploitation of Ogoni land and economic resources | Demonstrations; occupations to prevent pipeline construction; lobbying international governments to embargo Nigerian oil; lawsuits; and outreach to international press, charities, and public | MOSOP is a grassroots umbrella for many Ogoni organizations with representation from each village. Decisions are made democratically at the village level and propagated to the MOSOP steering committee via representatives. | Öffendlichkeit | None initially. Many members went into hiding after severe repression and executions by the Nigerian government. | MOSOP recruited Nigerians expected to be valuable to the organization, unifying existing Ogoni villages and organizations representing over 500,000 people. Many members joined after international outcry at the 1995 execution of founder Ken Saro-Wiwa. |
Some actions temporarily reduced oil output, and lawsuits against large oil companies won millions of dollars in damages paid to the Ogoni people. In conjunction with international pressure, this has made the companies curb the worst of their social and environmental abuses. But oil companies are still active in the region with destructive impact and little economic benefit to the Ogoni people. The failure of nonviolent tactics to achieve justice led to the formation of MEND and of the Niger Delta Avengers. |
Ken Saro-Wiwa And Mosop: The Story and Revelation by Ben Wuloo Ikari |
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Gene Sharp |
1983 - present | Global | Öffendlichkeit | Hoch | Advance the worldwide study and strategic use of nonviolent action to apply power in political conflicts | Develop and propagate a theory of how subjects can withdraw allegiance from those in political power | Spread, in multiple languages, the results of research. Media include books, word of mouth, lectures, documentaries, and press coverage. | Sharp founded the Albert Einstein Institution in 1983. It has one staff member. | Öffendlichkeit | Unnecessary | See "Tactics" | Sharp's books have been read by millions, from college campuses to guerrilla camps, and his work has influenced many resistance movements around the world |
How to Start a Revolution (2011) From Dictatorship to Democracy by Gene Sharp |
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