Strategic Resistance

Excerpted from Chapter 6 of the book Deep Green Resistance: Strategy to Save The Planet

Now, when I talk about a resistance, I am talking about an organized political resistance. I'm not just talking about something that comes and something that goes. I'm not talking about a feeling. I'm not talking about having in your heart theway things should be and going through a regular day having good, decent, wonderful ideas in your heart. I'm talking about when you put your body and your mind on the line and commit yourself to years of struggle in order to change the society in which you live. This does not mean just changing the men whom you know so that their manners will get better–although that wouldn't be bad either... But that's not what a political resistance is. A political resistance goes on day and night, under cover and over ground, where people can see it and where people can't. It is passed from generation to gen­eration. It is taught. It is encouraged. It is celebrated. It is smart. It is savvy. It is committed. And someday it will win. It will win.
—Andrea Dworkin

The strategies and tactics we choose must be part of a grander strategy.This is not the same as movement-building; taking down civilization does not require a majority or a single coherent movement. A grand strategy is necessarily diverse and decentralized, and will include many kinds of actionists. If those in power seek Full-Spectrum Dominance,then we need Full-Spectrum Resistance.[1]

Effective action often requires a high degree of risk or personal sac­rifice, so the absence of a plausible grand strategy discourages many genuinely radical people from acting. Why should I take risks with my own safety for symbolic or useless acts? One purpose of this book is to identify plausible strategies for winning.

If we want to win, we must learn the lessons of history. Let's take a closer look at what has made past resistance movements effective. Are there general criteria to judge effectiveness? Can we tell whether tac­tics or strategies from historical examples will work for us? Is there a general model—a kind of catalog or taxonomy of action—from which resistance groups can pick and choose?

The answer to each of these questions is yes.

To learn from historical groups we need four specific types of infor­mation: their goals, strategies, tactics, and organization.

Goals can tell us what a certain movement aimed to accomplish and whether it was ultimately successful on its own terms. Did they do what they said they wanted to?

Strategies and tactics are two different things. Strategies are long-term, large-scale plans to reach goals. Historian Liddell Hart called military strategy "the art of distributing and applying military means to fulfill the ends of policy."[2] The Allied bombing of German infra­structure during WWI I is an example of one successful strategy. Others include the civil rights boycotts of prosegregation businesses and suf­fragist strategies of petitioning and pressuring political candidates directly and indirectly through acts that included property destruction and arson.

Tactics, on the other hand, are short-term, smaller-scale actions; theyare particular acts which put strategies into effect. If the strategy is sys­tematic bombing, the tactic might be an Allied bombing flight to target a particular factory. The civil rights boycott strategy employed tactics such as pickets and protests at particular stores. The suffragists met their strategic goal by planning small-scale arson attacks on particular buildings. Successful tactics are tailored to fit particular situations, and they match the people and resources available.

Organization is the way in which a group composes itself to carry out acts of resistance. Resistance movements can vary in size from atomized individuals to large, centrally run bureaucracies, and how a group organizes itself determines what strategies and tactics it is capable of undertaking. Is the group centralized or decentralized? Does it have rank and hierarchy or is it explicitly anarchist in nature? Is the group heavily organized with codes of conduct and policies or is it an improvisational "ad hocracy?" Who is a member, and how are mem­bers recruited? And so on.

A TAXONOMY OF ACTION

We've all seen biological taxonomies, which categorize living organ­isms by kingdom and phylum down to genus and species. Though there are tens of millions of living species of vastly different shapes, sizes, and habitats, we can use a taxonomy to quickly zero in on a tiny group.

When we seek effective strategies and tactics, we have to sort through millions of past and potential actions, most of which are either historical failures or dead ends. We can save ourselves a lot of time and a lot of anguish with a quick and dirty resistance taxonomy. By looking over whole branches of action at once we can quickly judge which tac­tics are actually appropriate and effective for saving the planet (and for many specific kinds of social and ecological justice activism). A tax­onomy of action can also suggest tactics we might otherwise overlook.

Broadly speaking, we can divide all of our tactics and projects eitherinto acts of omission or acts of commission.

Of course, sometimes these categories overlap. A protest can be a means to lobby a government, a way of raising public awareness, a targeted tactic of economic disruption, or all three, depending on the intent and organ­ization. And sometimes one tactic can support another; an act of omission like a labor strike is much more likely to be effective when combined with propagandizing and protest.

In a moment we'll do a quick tour of our taxonomic options for resistance. But first, a warning. Learning the lessons of history will offer us many gifts, but these gifts aren't free. They come with a burden. Yes, the stories of those who fight back are full of courage, brilliance, and drama. And yes, we can find insight and inspiration in both their tri­umphs and their tragedies. But the burden of history is this: there is no easy way out.

In Star Trek, every problem can be solved in the final scene by reversing the polarity of the deflector array. But that isn't reality, and that isn't our future. Every resistance victory has been won by blood and tears, with anguish and sacrifice. Our burden is the knowledge that there are only so many ways to resist, that these ways have already been invented, and they all involve profound and dangerous struggle. When resisters win, it is because they fight harder than they thought possible.

And this is the second part of our burden. Once we learn the stories of those who fight back–once we really learn them, once we cry over them, once we inscribe them in our hearts, once we carry them in our bodies like a war veteran carries aching shrapnel–we have no choice but to fight back ourselves. Only by doing that can we hope to live up to their example. People have fought back under the most adverse and awful conditions imaginable; those people are our kin in the struggle for justice and for a livable future. And we find those people–our courageous–not just in history, but now. We find them among not just humans, but all those who fight back.

We must fight back because if we don't we will die. This is certainly true in the physical sense, but it is also true on another level. Once you really know the self-sacrifice and tirelessness and bravery that our kin have shown in the darkest times, you must either act or die as a person. We must fight back not only to win, but to show that we are both alive and worthy of that life.

Further resources

Footnotes

[1] And there's no need to say "if." Full-Spectrum Dominance is appallingly. yet unsurpris­ingly. a stated goal of the US government, through military and other means.

[2] Hart, Strategy, 2nd ed, p. 335.

FaLang translation system by Faboba

Scenarii de colaps „În acest moment istoric, nu există finalități pozitive pe termen scurt pentru societatea umană globală. Unele sunt mai bune, altele mai rele, iar pe termen lung unele sunt chiar foarte bune, dar pe termen scurt suntem la strânsoare. Nu o să vă mint—e prea târziu pentru încurajări înflăcărate. Singura modalitate de a atinge cel mai bun rezultat este să luăm în piept această situație înfricoșătoare și să nu ne lăsăm distrași de speranțe false.”

Scenarii de colaps Nici o rezistență „Cei săraci vor ajunge și mai rău. Milioanele de refugiați produși de colapsul economic și energetic vor fi puși pe drumuri, fără ca cineva să-i vrea în gazdă. Astfel de oameni disperați vor fi singurii dispuși să accepte muncile manuale periculoase și jegoase necesare pentru susținerea producției, odată ce resursele de energie vor scădea. Prin urmare, cei aflați la putere vor considera comunitățile autonome și sustenabile drept o amenințare la stocul lor de forță de muncă, și vor căuta să le asuprească sau să le distrugă.”

Scenarii de colaps Nici o rezistență „Guvernele autoritare—cele care vor continua să exploateze fără milă oameni și resurse, indiferent de consecințe—vor avea mai multă influență și mai multă forță, și vor lua resurse de la vecini și de la state eșuate după cum le va fi voia. Nu va fi nimeni să-i oprească. Nu va conta dacă ești cel mai autosuficient eco-sat de pe planetă dacă ești chiar lângă un stat fascist veșnic flămând după resurse.”

Scenarii de colaps Nici o rezistență Pe măsură ce schimbările climatice se intensifică, remedierea ecologică prin intermediul policulturilor perene și reîmpăduririlor va deveni imposibilă. Dogoarea și seceta vor transforma pădurile în adevărate generatoare de carbon, în timp ce pădurile nordice vor muri din cauza caniculei, dăunătorilor și a bolilor, iar apoi vor arde în focuri continentale care vor face incendiile de la începutul secolului douăzeci și unu să pară minuscule. Nici măcar izlazurile virgine nu vor supraviețui temperaturilor extreme când carbonul va fi literalmente ars din solurile agricole rămase.”

Scenarii de colaps Nici o rezistență „Încălzirea globală va continua să se înrăutățească cu mult după ce combustibilii fosili vor fi fost epuizați. Pentru planeta noastră, până la redresarea ecologică timpul se măsoară în zeci de milioane de ani, dacă și atunci. Un episod de încălzire major ar putea împinge planeta într-un alt fel de echilibru, mult mai cald decât cel curent. Plantele și animalele mari ar mai putea supraviețui doar lângă poli. Întreaga planetă ar putea deveni de nelocuit pentru plante și animale mari, cu un climat mai asemănător celui de pe Venus decât de pe Pământ.”

Scenarii de colaps Rezistență limitată „Atacurile cu precise chirurgicală arupra infrastructurii energetice limitează noile extrageri de combustibili fosili (concentrându-se pe practicile mai urâte cum ar fi îndepărtarea vârfurilor muntoase sau nisipuri gudronate). Unele atacuri ar putea fi efectuate de grupuri de rezistență deja existente (precum MEND) și altele de către grupuri nou formate. Lipsa tot mai acută de petrol ar face atacurile conductelor și infrastructurii să prindă mai bine la taberele miltatante de toate culorile. Aceste grupuri s-ar organiza, ar exersa și învăța. Atacurile nu ar fi simbolice.”

Scenarii de colaps Rezistență limitată „Aceste atacuri (asupra infrasctructurii energetice) nu ar fi simbolice, ci ar constitui mai degrabă forme de sabotaj, care ar avea ca scop reducerea consumului de combustibili fosili cu circa 30 la sută în primii ani și mai mult după aceea. Ar exista atacuri similare și asupra infrastructurii energetice de genul liniilor de transmisie. Astfel, s-ar declanșa un proces de descentralizare politică și de infrastructură.”

Scenarii de colaps Rezistență limitată „În unele zone, suburbiile abandonate din ce în ce mai mult (fiind de nelocuit fără acces la combustil ieftin) ar fi ocupate, iar casele vacante ar deveni gospodării țărănești, centre comunitare și clinici, sau ar fi pur și simplu dezmembrate, iar materialele revalorificate. Garajele ar fi transformate în hambare—majoritatea locuitorilor oricum nu și-ar permite benzină— iar în parcuri, animalele ar fi trimise la păscut. Numeroase drumuri ar fi desființate și reconvertite în pajiști sau păduri.”

Scenarii de colaps Rezistență limitată „Atacurile asupra infrastructurii energetice ar deveni mai comune pe măsură ce rezervele de petrol scad, și ar accentua scăderea energetică. Astfel s-ar opri valul de creștere a populației globale, forțând-o să-și atingă limita maximă mai devreme și la un nivel mai scăzut decât într-un scenariu cu „zero rezistență”. Deoarece un colaps abrupt s-ar petrece mai repede decât în mod normal, ar rămâne mai mult teren intact pe persoană la nivel global și mai mulți oameni care încă mai sunt capabili să facă agricultură de subsistență.”

Scenarii de colaps Raționamentul militant în atacurile totale asupra infrastructurii „Oamenii nu or să facă nimic la timp pentru a preveni distrugerea completă a planetei. Cei săraci sunt preocupați cu urgențele primare, cei bogați beneficiază de status quo, iar clasa de mijloc este prea obsedată de propriul răsfăț și de spectacolul tehnologic. Riscul unei încălziri globale incontrolabile este imediat. O scădere a populației umane este inevitabilă, dar mai puțini oameni vor muri dacă prăbușirea va avea loc mai devreme.”

Scenarii de colaps Raționamentul militant în atacurile totale asupra infrastructurii „Ca specie, ne-am extins peste măsură. O parte semnificativă din cei care sunt vii azi ar putea fi nevoiți să moară pentru a ne reîntoarce la capacitatea de suport, iar această discrepanță continuă să crească. Zilnic, limita capacității de suport este împinsă tot mai jos de sute de mii de oameni, și în fiecare zi populația umană crește cu mai bine de 200 000. Populația adăugată zilnic la acest exces nu reprezintă decât morți inutile și fără sens. Astfel, amânarea colapsului este considerată ea însăși o formă de crimă în masă.”

Scenarii de colaps Raționamentul militant în atacurile totale asupra infrastructurii „Omenirea este doar una din milioane de specii. Să ucizi milioane de specii în folosul uneia singure este nebunesc, tot așa cum uciderea a milioane de oameni pentru beneficiul unei singure persoane ar fi nebunească. Și, din moment ce oricum colapsul ecologic iminent va devasta omenirea, acele specii vor fi pierit degeaba, iar planetei îi va lua milioane de ani să-și revină. Colapsul rapid este, în cele din urmă, benefic pentru omenire, pentru că astfel, cel puțin, o parte din oameni va supraviețui.”

Scenarii de colaps Raționamentul militant în atacurile totale asupra infrastructurii „Grupuri militante secrete bine organizate efectuează atacuri coordonate asupra infrastructurii energetice din întreaga lume. Militanții ar acționa împotriva conductelor, a liniilor de curent, a cisternelor și a rafinăriilor, utilizând probabil arme cu impulsuri electromagnetice pentru a cauza daune. Nu vor exista încercări de a ține pasul cu activiștii expuși. Atacurile vor fi atât de frecvente pe cât posibil. Accesul la energia oferită de combustibili fosili va fi redus cu 90 la sută. Emisiile de gaze de seră vor fi scădea drastic.”

Scenarii de colaps Atacuri dezlănțuite asupra infrastructurii „Chiar și cu o reducere de 90 la sută a combustibililor fosili tot ar mai rămâne suficient pentru aprovizionarea activităților primare de supraviețuire precum cultivarea plantelor și creșterea animalelor, încălzirea locuințelor și gătit. Guvernele încă ar mai putea să încerce o trecere rapidă la activități de subsistență pentru populațiile lor, deși armatele și cei foarte bogați ar căuta să sugă și ultimele rezerve de energie. În unele locuri ei vor reuși, iar în urma lor va rămâne doar foamete. În altele, oamenii ar refuza să accepte autoritatea celor aflați la putere.”

Scenarii de colaps Atacuri dezlănțuite asupra infrastructurii În cele mai multe locuri, reorganizarea unei civilizații industriale mari consumatoare de energie ar fi imposibilă. Chiar și acolo unde organizațiile politice existente persistă, consumul ar scădea. Cei aflați la putere ar fi incapabili să-și proiecteze controlul pe distanțe mari, limitându-și activitatea la zonele învecinate. Plantațiile de biocombustibil de la tropice nu ar fi fezabile, și nici nisipurile gudronate ori exploatarea cărbunelui prin excavarea vârfurilor muntoase. Construirea unei infrastructuri noi la scară mare ar fi, pur și simplu, imposibilă.”

Scenarii de colaps Atacuri dezlănțuite asupra infrastructurii „Deși populația umană s-ar micșora, pentru toate celelalte specii, însă, viitorul ar arăta chiar bine. Oceanele ar începe să-și revină rapid, la fel și zonele sălbatice deteriorate. Emisiile gazelor de seră ar fi reduse la doar o fracțiune din nivelul lor anterior, evitând, astfel, o încălzire globală scăpată de sub control. Pădurile și pășunile regenerate ar reține carbonul, contribuind la redresarea și menținerea unui climat propice vieții.”

Scenarii de colaps Strategia Decizivă pentru Războiul Ecologic „Multe mecanisme duc la colaps, însă nu toate sunt la fel de dezirabile. În timp ce unele sunt accelerate și încurajate, altele sunt încetinite sau reduse. Declinul energetic prin reducerea consumului de combustibili fosili este un mecanism de colaps foarte benefic pentru planetă și omenire și, de aceea, este încurajat. În schimb, colapsul ecologic prin distrugerea habitatelor și exterminarea biodiversității este un mecanism care trebuie încetinit sau oprit pe cât posibil.”

Scenarii de colaps Strategia Decizivă pentru Războiul Ecologic „Fiecare aspect negativ al prăbușirii civilizației are un trend echivalent încurajat de către mișcarea de rezistență. Prăbușirea marilor structuri politice autoritare permite dezvoltarea structurilor participatorii la scară redusă. Colapsul capitalismului industrial internațional încurajează sistemele locale de schimb, cooperare și ajutor reciproc. O mână de indivizi anonimi sunt capabili să dărâme structuri mari și malefice, în timp ce un grup mare de oameni pot cultiva structurile mici și bune în mod transparent.”

Scenarii de colaps Strategia Decizivă pentru Războiul Ecologic „Cunoscutul război de durată nu funcționează; oamenii nu vor avea niciodată forța numerică necesară. De asemenea, au în față și un altfel de adversar, pentru care tactici diferite trebuie utilizate. Astfel, ei vor păstra ideea esențială a războiului prelungit mult mai comun și o vor aplica propriei situații: salvarea planetei și înfrângerea definitivă a civilizației industriale. Ei vor pune la cale o nouă strategie grandioasă bazată pe un șir continuu de pași care decurg logic unul din altul.”

Patru Faze ale Avertizării Timpurii Crearea de Rețele Sociale și Mobilizarea lor „Rezistența se organizează în rețele și construiesc adevărate culturi care să le susțină. Simpatizanții și potențialii recruți sunt instruiți în strategiile și acțiunile importante ale rezistenței. Esențială în această etapă este însăși formarea organizațiilor subterane și de suprafață care să pună în aplicare recrutările și acțiunile decisive. Culturile de securitate și rezistență nu sunt foarte bine dezvoltate în acest stadiu, așa că sunt necesare eforturi suplimentare pentru a evita eventualele greșeli.”

Patru Faze ale Avertizării Timpurii Crearea de Rețele Sociale și Mobilizarea lor "Training of activists is key, especially through low risk (but effective) actions. New recruits will become the combatants, cadres, and leaders of later phases. New activists are enculturated into the resistance ethos, and existing activists drop bad or counterproductive habits. This is a time when the resistance movement gets organized and gets serious. People are putting their individual needs and conflicts aside in order to form a movement that can fight to win."

Patru Faze ale Avertizării Timpurii Crearea de Rețele Sociale și Mobilizarea lor "Isolated people come together to form a vision and strategy for the future, and to establish the nuclei of future organizations. Networking occurs with resistance-oriented organizations that already exist, but most mainstream organizations are not willing to adopt positions of militancy. If possible, they should be encouraged to take positions more in line with the scale of the problems at hand."

Patru Faze ale Avertizării Timpurii Sabotage & Asymmetric Action "Resisters might attempt to disrupt or disable particular targets on an opportunistic basis. For the most part, the required underground networks and skills do not yet exist to take on multiple larger targets. Resisters may go after particularly egregious targets—coal-fired power plants or exploitative banks. At this phase, the resistance focus is on practice, probing enemy networks and security, and increasing support while building organizational networks."

Patru Faze ale Avertizării Timpurii Sabotage & Asymmetric Action "The resistance movement understands the importance of decisive action. Their emphasis in the first two phases has not been on direct action, but not because they are holding back. They know that the planet (and the future) need their action, but understand that it won’t benefit from foolish and hasty action, or from creating problems for which they are not yet prepared. They act as seriously and swiftly and decisively as they can, but lay the foundation to be truly effective."

Patru Faze ale Avertizării Timpurii Sabotage & Asymmetric Action "Aboveground activists take on several important tasks. They push for acceptance and normalization of more militant and radical tactics, and vocally support sabotage when it occurs. More moderate advocacy groups use the occurrence of sabotage to criticize those in power for failing to take action on critical issues like climate change. They do not side with those in power against the saboteurs, but argue that the situation is serious enough to make such action legitimate."

Patru Faze ale Avertizării Timpurii Sabotage & Asymmetric Action "More radical and grassroots groups continue to establish a community of resistance, but also establish discrete organizations and parallel institutions to make community connections and found relationships outside of the activist bubble. These institutions focus on disaster preparedness and helping people cope with impending collapse.

Simultaneously, aboveground activists organize people for civil disobedience, mass confrontation, and other forms of direct action."

Patru Faze ale Avertizării Timpurii Sabotage & Asymmetric Action "Aboveground organizations establish coalitions, confederations, and regional networks, knowing that there will be greater obstacles to these later on. These confederations maximize the potential of aboveground organizing by sharing materials, knowledge, skills, learning curricula, and so on. They also plan strategically themselves, engaging in persistent planned campaigns instead of reactive or crisis-to-crisis organizing."

Patru Faze ale Avertizării Timpurii Systems Disruption "Resisters step up from individual targets to address entire industrial, political, and economic systems. Industrial systems disruption requires underground networks organized in a hierarchical or paramilitary fashion. These larger networks emerge out of the previous phases with the ability to carry out multiple simultaneous actions."

Patru Faze ale Avertizării Timpurii Systems Disruption "Systems disruption identifies key points and bottlenecks in the adversary’s systems (electrical, transport, financial, and so on) and collapses those systems or reduces their functionality. This is not a one-shot deal. Industrial systems are big and can be fragile, but they are sprawling rather than monolithic. Repairs are attempted. Resistance members understand that. Effective systems disruption requires planning for continued and coordinated actions over time."

Patru Faze ale Avertizării Timpurii Systems Disruption "The aboveground doesn’t truly gain traction as long as there is business-as-usual. On the other hand, as global industrial and economic systems are increasingly disrupted (because of capitalist-induced economic collapse, global climate disasters, peak oil, peak soil, peak water, or for other reasons) support for resilient local communities increases. Failures in the delivery of electricity and manufactured goods increases interest in local food, energy, and the like."

Patru Faze ale Avertizării Timpurii Systems Disruption "Aboveground activists use the disrupted systems as an opportunity to strengthen local communities and parallel institutions. Mainstream people are encouraged to swing their support to participatory local alternatives in the economic, political, and social spheres. When economic turmoil causes unemployment and hyperinflation, people are employed locally for the benefit of their community and the land."

Patru Faze ale Avertizării Timpurii Systems Disruption "Whenever those in power try to increase exploitation or authoritarianism, aboveground resisters call for people to withdraw support from those in power, and divert it to local, democratic political bodies. Those parallel institutions can do a better job than those in power. The cross-demographic relationships established in previous phases help to keep those local political structures accountable, and to rally support from many communities."

Patru Faze ale Avertizării Timpurii Systems Disruption "Strategic efforts are made to augment existing stresses on economic and industrial systems caused by peak oil, financial instability, and related factors. The resisters think of themselves as pushing on a rickety building that’s already starting to lean. Indeed, in this scenario many systems disruptions come from within the system itself, rather than from resisters."

Patru Faze ale Avertizării Timpurii Decisive Dismantling of Infrastructure "Resisters go beyond systems disruption, permanently dismantling as much of the industrial infrastructure as possible. In the most optimistic projection, this phase would not be necessary, as converging crises and infrastructure disruption would combine with vigorous aboveground movements to force those in power to accept social, political, and economic change. Reductions in consumption would combine with a genuine attempt to transition to a sustainable culture."

Implementing DEW "Resistance to civilization is inherently decentralized. That goes double for underground groups which have minimal contact with others. To compensate for the lack of command structure, a general grand strategy in this scenario becomes widely known and accepted. Furthermore, loosely allied groups are ready to take action whenever the strategic situation called for it. These groups are prepared to take advantage of crises like economic collapses."

Implementing DEW "Autonomous cells maintain readiness to engage in opportunistic action by identifying in advance a selection of appropriate local targets and tactics. Then once a larger simultaneous action happened (causing, say, a blackout), autonomous cells take advantage of the opportunity to undertake their own actions, within a few hours. In this way unrelated cells engage in something close to simultaneous attacks, maximizing their effectiveness."

Implementing DEW "Historians now believe that Allied reluctance to attack early in the war may have cost many millions of civilian lives. By failing to stop Germany early, they made a prolonged and bloody conflict inevitable. General Alfred Jodl, the German Chief of the Operations Staff of the Armed Forces High Command, said as much during his war crimes trial at Nuremburg."

Implementing DEW "Resisters aimed to reduce consumption and industrial activity, so it didn't matter to them that some facilities had backup generators or that states engaged in conservation and rationing. They celebrated nationwide oil conservation and factories running on reduced power. They remembered that in the whole of its history, the mainstream environmental movement never even stopped the growth of fossil fuel consumption. To actually reduce it was unprecedented."

Implementing DEW "Targeting energy networks was a high priority to resisters. Many electrical grids were already operating near capacity, and were expensive to expand. They became more important as highly portable forms of energy like fossil fuels were partially replaced by less portable forms of energy. Resisters recognized that energy networks often depend on a few major continent-spanning trunks, which were very vulnerable to disruption."

Implementing DEW "Resisters recognized that sporadic sabotage would sacrifice the element of surprise and allow their enemy to develop ways of coping with future actions. Some reactions would be desirable (a shift toward less intensive, local supplies of energy) and others undesirable (deployment of rapid repair teams, martial law.) Resisters compensated for exposing some of their tactics by carrying out a series of decisive surprise operations within a larger struggle."

Implementing DEW "Resisters understand that DEW depended on relatively simple "appropriate technology" tactics (both aboveground and underground). It depended on small groups and was relatively simple rather than complex. There was not a lot of secret tactical information to give away. In fact, escalating actions with straightforward tactics were beneficial to their resistance movement."

Implementing DEW "It's clear that a small group of intelligent, dedicated, and daring people can be extremely effective, even if they number one in 1,000, or one in 10,000, or even one in 100,000. But they are effective in large part through an ability to mobilize larger forces, whether social movements or industrial bottlenecks.

Furthermore, if that core group can be maintained, it's possible for it to eventually enlarge itself and become victorious."

Implementing DEW "Future historians will comment that DEW was designed to make maximum use of small numbers, rather than assuming that large numbers of people would materialize for timely action. If more people had been available, the strategy would have become even more effective. The strategy attempted to mobilize people from a wide variety of backgrounds in ways that were feasible for them; it didn't rely solely on either militancy or symbolic approaches."

Implementing DEW "The tactics required for DEW were relatively simple and accessible, and many of them were low risk. They were appropriate to the scale and seriousness of the objective and the problem. Before this, the required tactics were not being implemented because of a lack of overall strategy and of organizational development.

However, that strategy and organization were not technically difficult to develop—the main obstacles were ideological."

Implementing DEW "In evaluating risk, members of the resistance considered both the risks of acting and of not acting. The failure to carry out an effective strategy would have resulted in a destroyed planet, the loss of centuries of social justice efforts, and billions of humans and countless nonhumans killed. There were substantial risks for taking decisive action, risks that caused most people to stick to safer symbolic forms of action. But the risks of inaction were far greater and more permanent."

Implementing DEW "Decisive Ecological Warfare was able to accomplish its objective within a suitable time frame, and in a reasonable sequence. Under DEW, decisive action was scaled up as rapidly as it could be based on the underlying support infrastructure. The exact point of no return for catastrophic climate change was unclear, but DEW and other measures were able to head it off. Most other proposed measures in the beginning weren't even trying to do so."

Implementing DEW "Although a fair amount of context and knowledge was required to carry out this strategy, at its core it was very simple and consistent. It was robust enough to deal with unexpected events, and it could be explained in a simple and clear manner without jargon. The strategy was adaptable enough to be employed in many different local contexts."

Implementing DEW "Action and inaction both have serious consequences. A serious collapse—which could involve large-scale human suffering—was frightening to many. Resisters in this alternate future believed first and foremost that a terrible outcome was not inevitable, and that they could make real changes to the way the future unfolded."

DEW Overview